Description

In the era of new technology, research and application in the field of energy demonstrate strong potential for exploration and development. These directly impact the sustainable use of resources and the advancement of science and technology. The journal of Energy Storage and Conversion (eISSN: 3029-2778) focuses on the production, storage, transformation and application value of energy. We are very receptive to novel discoveries in energy and resource sectors, and are committed to exploring their sustainable exploitation and valuble utilization. Please refer to the Focus and Scopes of the journal for more details.

Latest Articles

  • Open Access

    Article

    Article ID: 4210

    Analysis of electricity production and consumption in Morocco: Assessing the electricity deficit and key contributing factors

    by Ilham Ait-Oujalla, Jamal Mabrouki, Driss Azdem, Salima Boudraham, Najat Qisse, Ibrahim Alsayer, Younes Abrouki

    Energy Storage and Conversion, Vol.4, No.2, 2026;

    This paper examines the electricity sector of Morocco from 2011 to 2022. Based on the data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration, the World Bank, and ONEE, four major indicators were computed: electricity deficit (ED), electricity import dependency (EID), self-sufficiency ratio (SSR), and per capita electricity consumption (PCEC). The findings indicate that electricity production increased from 20.3 TWh in 2011 to 41.2 TWh in 2022, while consumption climbed from 26 TWh to 35 TWh for the same period. The self-sufficiency ratio remained above 100% after 2015 and reached a maximum of 121.2% in 2019, clearly indicating Morocco's transition from an importer to a net exporter of electricity. Although the renewable capacity has grown to make up 38% of the mix, coal stayed the main source (59.4% in 2022). The per capita consumption went up from 790 kWh to 934 kWh. These results unveil that Morocco has made remarkable strides in electricity self-sufficiency while still facing the challenge of fossil fuel lock-in. Accelerating the integration of renewables, making the grid more flexible, and formulating specific coal transition policies are the study's main recommendations for ensuring sustainability in the long run.

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  • Open Access

    Article

    Article ID: 4291

    Performance comparison of solar fed MPC and AI controller for fast battery charging in electric vehicles

    by Apoorva Srivastava, Mohammad Saif Raza, Faiz Haider, Prasant Shukla

    Energy Storage and Conversion, Vol.4, No.2, 2026;

    The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) has increased the demand for charging infrastructure that is not only fast and efficient but also environmentally sustainable. Solar-powered EV charging stations, which integrate photovoltaic (PV) systems, offer a promising solution by reducing dependence on the electrical grid and lowering carbon emissions. However, the intermittent nature of solar energy creates significant challenges for maintaining stable and efficient fast-charging operations. This study evaluates the performance of different control strategies for a solar-powered EV fast-charging system. A comparative analysis was conducted between Model Predictive Control (MPC), Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-based controllers. The system consisted of a 100 kWp PV array, a 400 V DC bus, a bidirectional DC–DC converter operating at 20 kHz, and a 60 kWh EV battery charged at 1C–2C rates. The MPC controller was designed with a prediction horizon of 10, a control horizon of 3, and a sampling time of 100 μs using quadratic cost optimization, while the DRL controller employed a Deep Q-Network framework. Simulation results demonstrated that the DRL-based controller achieved superior performance under varying irradiance conditions. Compared with MPC, it increased solar energy utilization by 8%, improved charging efficiency by 12.8%, and reduced battery degradation by approximately 15% over 1000 charge–discharge cycles. In addition, DRL exhibited faster transient response, achieving system stabilization within 0.21 s during sudden irradiance changes, compared with 0.35 s for MPC. The findings indicate that advanced adaptive control strategies can enhance energy utilization, charging performance, and battery longevity in solar-powered EV charging applications.

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  • Open Access

    Article

    Article ID: 4267

    Integrated sustainable energy conversion and storage: Biomass feedstocks, catalytic pathways, electrochemical systems, and hybrid renewable architectures

    by Syed Mubashar Hussain Gardazi, Muhammad Saqib, Bushra Sharf, Dameya Tariq, Muhammad Fasih Aamir

    Energy Storage and Conversion, Vol.4, No.2, 2026;

    The transition toward low-carbon energy systems requires not only efficient individual technologies but also their coherent integration across feedstock, conversion, storage, and system levels. This review presents a structured analysis of integrated sustainable energy conversion and storage systems, focusing on biomass feedstocks, catalytic pathways, electrochemical storage technologies, and hybrid renewable architectures. Literature published between 2015 and 2025 was critically evaluated using a targeted selection strategy to identify key performance trends, material limitations, and system-level bottlenecks. Quantitative comparisons indicate that biomass conversion efficiencies vary widely (30–75%) depending on lignin content and process conditions, while catalytic systems exhibit strong sensitivity to impurity levels and regeneration cycles. Among storage technologies, lithium–sulfur batteries demonstrate high theoretical energy densities (>400 Wh kg⁻1), but face stability and lifecycle challenges, whereas alternative systems such as sodium–sulfur and flow batteries offer advantages in cost and scalability. Techno-economic indicators reveal that biomass-based energy systems typically exhibit levelized costs of energy in the range of 0.08–0.15 USD kWh⁻1, while emerging storage technologies remain cost-sensitive due to material and system integration constraints. A key contribution of this work is the development of a multi-scale integration framework that connects resource characteristics, catalytic performance, storage behavior, and hybrid system design within a unified analytical structure. This framework highlights critical trade-offs, including the competition between biomass utilization for energy versus soil carbon sequestration and the water intensity of bio-hydrogen production (10–20 L kWh⁻1). The review identifies major research gaps in system-level optimization, economic assessment, and cross-domain integration, providing actionable directions for advancing sustainable and resilient energy infrastructures.

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  • Open Access

    Article

    Article ID: 4186

    Modeling and optimization of a grid-connected PV–wind–fuel cell hybrid system with hydrogen storage

    by Youssef El Baqqal, Mohammed Ferfra, Souleymane Kientega

    Energy Storage and Conversion, Vol.4, No.2, 2026;

    This paper presents a comprehensive techno-economic and environmental assessment of a grid-connected hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) integrating photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), and fuel cell (FC) technologies for a case study in Dakhla, Morocco. A detailed modeling framework is developed, including renewable generation, electrolyzer operation, hydrogen storage, and fuel cell conversion, combined with an energy management strategy to coordinate power flows between system components and the utility grid. The system design is formulated as a constrained optimization problem aiming to minimize the total annual cost while incorporating reliability and grid stability requirements through a penalty-based approach. The optimization is performed using a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to evaluate three system configurations: PV–WT–FC, WT–FC, and PV–FC. The results show that the PV–WT–FC configuration provides the best overall performance, achieving a total annual cost of 186,957 USD, a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of 0.1472 USD/kWh, and a high renewable energy fraction (REF) of 88.32%. This configuration also ensures excellent reliability (LPSP = 0%) and stable grid operation. In contrast, the WT–FC configuration achieves a lower LCOE of 0.1164 USD/kWh when considering component costs alone; however, it results in significant grid instability, leading to a high penalty cost of 700,588 USD and reduced overall feasibility. Similarly, the PV–FC configuration shows a higher total annual cost (255,425 USD) and lower renewable penetration (60%), making it less competitive. These findings highlight the importance of integrating grid stability and reliability constraints within the optimization framework. The proposed approach effectively identifies balanced system configurations that ensure cost efficiency, high renewable penetration, and stable operation, confirming the robustness and practical applicability of the PV–WT–FC system for sustainable energy deployment.

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  • Open Access

    Article

    Article ID: 4190

    Resource transparency and energy transition: The role of SEC oil and gas reserve reporting in future energy systems

    by Guoquan Fan, Mengyue Guo, Yun Wang

    Energy Storage and Conversion, Vol.4, No.2, 2026;

    The world energy paradigm shift is changing the manner in which oil and gas resources are rated, regulated, and reported. The review studies the purpose of the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) oil and gas reserve reporting as one of the main transparency tools of resources and evaluates its applicability in future energy systems. Conventionally, the SEC reserve reporting has minimized information asymmetry in the capital markets through standardization of disclosure of economically viable production of hydrocarbon reserves and therefore, facilitated the protection of investors, asset-pricing, and corporate responsibility. Nonetheless, the article states that the traditional reasoning behind reserve reporting is being more and more questioned by decarbonization, financial risk associated with climate, carbon limits, and shifting capital allocation trends. Even with reported reserves, technical, and commercial producibility may remain, but innovation does not entirely account for transition-related risk conditions like stranded asset risk, fossil entrapment, emissions exposure, and demand decline in low-carbon systems. With a combination of the views of reserve classification, securities regulation, energy governance, and transition finance, this review indicates that SEC reserve reporting is still needed but not sufficient as a standalone transparency measure. The article identifies the necessity to revise the reserve disclosure by incorporating more deeply into climate-related reporting, scenario-based analysis, and better addressing uncertainty. It comes to a conclusion that reserve reporting needs to be redesigned as a fossil asset-centric accounting system into one that is more dispositionally inclusive of transition to control resource value in the decarbonization of energy systems.

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  • Open Access

    Article

    Article ID: 4074

    Performance comparison of PI and AI-based controllers for solar PV-fed fast electric vehicle battery charging systems

    by Apoorva Srivastava, Vikas Yadav, Vinit Yadav, Tarun Nayyar, Shailesh Kumar Yadav, Ayush Asthana

    Energy Storage and Conversion, Vol.4, No.2, 2026;

    The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) has created a strong demand for efficient and fast charging solutions. However, conventional charging methods are time-consuming and place significant stress on the power grid when deployed on large scale. To address these challenges, this study proposes a standalone solar photovoltaic (PV)-based DC microgrid for fast EV charging. The system is designed to regulate charging using a DC-DC boost converter controlled by two strategies: a conventional Proportional-Integral (PI) controller and an Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-based controller. A detailed simulation model is developed in MATLAB/Simulink, including PV system parameters, converter specifications, and a lithium-ion battery modeled using a Thevenin equivalent circuit. The ANN controller is trained using real-time operating conditions such as irradiance, temperature, and state of charge (SoC). Performance is evaluated based on transient response, overshoot, settling time, steady-state error, and total harmonic distortion (THD). Results show that the ANN controller significantly improves system performance. Voltage overshoot is reduced from 10% to 2%, current overshoot from 20% to 4%, and THD from 6.8% to 2.1%. Additionally, the settling time is improved by approximately 57% compared to the PI controller. These findings demonstrate that AI-based control strategies provide a more efficient, stable, and reliable solution for renewable energy-based EV charging systems. The ANN controller reduced voltage overshoot from 10% to 2%, current overshoot from 20% to 4%, and THD from 6.8% to 2.1%, while improving settling time by up to 57%.

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Announcements

Congratulations! Energy Storage and Conversion Indexed in Scopus

2026-02-09

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We are thrilled to announce that the journal Energy Storage and Conversion has been officially accepted for inclusion in Scopus, one of the world’s leading abstract and citation databases.

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This milestone reflects the high quality and international impact of the research published in our journal. Over the years, Energy Storage and Conversion has been committed to publishing rigorous, innovative, and cutting-edge research in the field of energy storage and conversion technologies.

Inclusion in Scopus not only enhances the visibility of the journal and its articles but also strengthens our ability to reach a wider global audience of researchers, practitioners, and policymakers.

We sincerely thank our authors, reviewers, and editorial board members for their continued support and dedication, which have made this achievement possible.

We look forward to continuing to serve the scientific community and contributing to the advancement of energy storage research worldwide.

Editorial Office
Energy Storage and Conversion

 

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