Description

In the era of new technology, research and application in the field of energy demonstrate strong potential for exploration and development. These directly impact the sustainable use of resources and the advancement of science and technology. The journal of Energy Storage and Conversion (eISSN: 3029-2778) focuses on the production, storage, transformation and application value of energy. We are very receptive to novel discoveries in energy and resource sectors, and are committed to exploring their sustainable exploitation and valuble utilization. Please refer to the Focus and Scopes of the journal for more details.

Latest Articles

  • Open Access

    Article

    Article ID: 4509

    Degradation-aware AI energy management for hybrid supercapacitor–battery energy storage systems in microgrids

    by Lalit Sachdeva, Utkarsh Anand

    Energy Storage and Conversion, Vol.4, No.2, 2026;

    The presence of intermittent sources of renewable energy in power systems requires ESSs to manage temporal imbalance in energy supply and demand. In this study, we introduce a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) coupled with an AI energy management system (EMS) that uses deep reinforcement learning (DRL) for optimal scheduling of renewable energy utilization within grid-connected and islanded microgrids. AI-enabled EMS utilizes a DRL agent with proximal policy optimization (PPO) to make optimal decisions regarding energy generation based on state space and economic considerations, while accounting for SoC constraints of batteries. An important aspect of the proposed system is the design of HESS architecture and reward function based on DRL. Further improvements are made via analysing the PPO clipping sensitivity, Pearson correlation analysis on the relationship between the intermittency of renewables and response latency, and Monte Carlo uncertainty analysis with a 95% confidence interval. For a 24-hour simulation period, the developed system is able to cut down on grid power imports by 43.2%, have an 87.3% renewable energy utilization rate, extend the lifespan of the battery from 8.1 to 12.5 years, and have 91.4% peak shaving efficiency through 100 Monte Carlo runs and without any SoC violations (25%–90%). Net benefit analysis is estimated to be $56,000–$66,000 for 15 years at a 6% discount rate, while a 120 ms response time and one-way ANOVA with Tukey's HSD confirm statistical significance.

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  • Open Access

    Article

    Article ID: 4347

    Monte Carlo simulation of a direct beta-radiation harvester: Impact of electric fields

    by Itzhak Orion, Adir Cohen, Elroei Damri

    Energy Storage and Conversion, Vol.4, No.2, 2026;

    The viability of high-efficiency direct energy harvesting from a beta-emitting radioactive source was previously experimentally investigated using an apparatus based on an ionization chamber equipped with an internal positioning stage for the source. This novel concept uniquely leverages the direct collection of beta particles on a converter electrode, converting their kinetic energy into electrical power and enabling compact power sources. This approach offers ultra-long-life, maintenance-free solutions in applications where conventional batteries are impractical. To evaluate system performance, we employed Monte Carlo simulations to model electron transport, governed by continuous slowing down due to Coulomb interactions. Electron interactions in matter, dominated by elastic and inelastic scattering, can lead to ionization events accompanied by X-ray fluorescence or Auger electron emission. EGS5 Monte Carlo simulations were performed to study the response of an ionization chamber to a Ni-63 beta source under various electric field strengths. The simulated dosimetric response was compared with previous experimental measurements. Gas-filled ionization chambers, consisting of two electrodes in a controlled electric field, are widely used for radiation dosimetry. Simulations using four different chamber gases across a wide range of field strengths showed consistent agreement with measured dose responses. These results demonstrate that the developed simulation framework is an accurate and versatile tool for investigating electron behavior in gas-filled detectors. It can be confidently applied in future studies to explore alternative gases, field configurations, or radiation sources. Additionally, the findings support the feasibility of direct beta radiation harvesting, highlighting its potential for developing compact and efficient power sources.

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  • Open Access

    Article

    Article ID: 4210

    Analysis of electricity production and consumption in Morocco: Assessing the electricity deficit and key contributing factors

    by Ilham Ait-Oujalla, Jamal Mabrouki, Driss Azdem, Salima Boudraham, Najat Qisse, Ibrahim Alsayer, Younes Abrouki

    Energy Storage and Conversion, Vol.4, No.2, 2026;

    This paper examines the electricity sector of Morocco from 2011 to 2022. Based on the data from the U.S. Energy Information Administration, the World Bank, and ONEE, four major indicators were computed: electricity deficit (ED), electricity import dependency (EID), self-sufficiency ratio (SSR), and per capita electricity consumption (PCEC). The findings indicate that electricity production increased from 20.3 TWh in 2011 to 41.2 TWh in 2022, while consumption climbed from 26 TWh to 35 TWh for the same period. The self-sufficiency ratio remained above 100% after 2015 and reached a maximum of 121.2% in 2019, clearly indicating Morocco's transition from an importer to a net exporter of electricity. Although the renewable capacity has grown to make up 38% of the mix, coal stayed the main source (59.4% in 2022). The per capita consumption went up from 790 kWh to 934 kWh. These results unveil that Morocco has made remarkable strides in electricity self-sufficiency while still facing the challenge of fossil fuel lock-in. Accelerating the integration of renewables, making the grid more flexible, and formulating specific coal transition policies are the study's main recommendations for ensuring sustainability in the long run.

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  • Open Access

    Article

    Article ID: 4291

    Performance comparison of solar fed MPC and AI controller for fast battery charging in electric vehicles

    by Apoorva Srivastava, Mohammad Saif Raza, Faiz Haider, Prasant Shukla

    Energy Storage and Conversion, Vol.4, No.2, 2026;

    The rapid growth of electric vehicles (EVs) has increased the demand for charging infrastructure that is not only fast and efficient but also environmentally sustainable. Solar-powered EV charging stations, which integrate photovoltaic (PV) systems, offer a promising solution by reducing dependence on the electrical grid and lowering carbon emissions. However, the intermittent nature of solar energy creates significant challenges for maintaining stable and efficient fast-charging operations. This study evaluates the performance of different control strategies for a solar-powered EV fast-charging system. A comparative analysis was conducted between Model Predictive Control (MPC), Deep Reinforcement Learning (DRL), and Artificial Neural Network (ANN)-based controllers. The system consisted of a 100 kWp PV array, a 400 V DC bus, a bidirectional DC–DC converter operating at 20 kHz, and a 60 kWh EV battery charged at 1C–2C rates. The MPC controller was designed with a prediction horizon of 10, a control horizon of 3, and a sampling time of 100 μs using quadratic cost optimization, while the DRL controller employed a Deep Q-Network framework. Simulation results demonstrated that the DRL-based controller achieved superior performance under varying irradiance conditions. Compared with MPC, it increased solar energy utilization by 8%, improved charging efficiency by 12.8%, and reduced battery degradation by approximately 15% over 1000 charge–discharge cycles. In addition, DRL exhibited faster transient response, achieving system stabilization within 0.21 s during sudden irradiance changes, compared with 0.35 s for MPC. The findings indicate that advanced adaptive control strategies can enhance energy utilization, charging performance, and battery longevity in solar-powered EV charging applications.

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  • Open Access

    Article

    Article ID: 4267

    Integrated sustainable energy conversion and storage: Biomass feedstocks, catalytic pathways, electrochemical systems, and hybrid renewable architectures

    by Syed Mubashar Hussain Gardazi, Muhammad Saqib, Bushra Sharf, Dameya Tariq, Muhammad Fasih Aamir

    Energy Storage and Conversion, Vol.4, No.2, 2026;

    The transition toward low-carbon energy systems requires not only efficient individual technologies but also their coherent integration across feedstock, conversion, storage, and system levels. This review presents a structured analysis of integrated sustainable energy conversion and storage systems, focusing on biomass feedstocks, catalytic pathways, electrochemical storage technologies, and hybrid renewable architectures. Literature published between 2015 and 2025 was critically evaluated using a targeted selection strategy to identify key performance trends, material limitations, and system-level bottlenecks. Quantitative comparisons indicate that biomass conversion efficiencies vary widely (30–75%) depending on lignin content and process conditions, while catalytic systems exhibit strong sensitivity to impurity levels and regeneration cycles. Among storage technologies, lithium–sulfur batteries demonstrate high theoretical energy densities (>400 Wh kg⁻1), but face stability and lifecycle challenges, whereas alternative systems such as sodium–sulfur and flow batteries offer advantages in cost and scalability. Techno-economic indicators reveal that biomass-based energy systems typically exhibit levelized costs of energy in the range of 0.08–0.15 USD kWh⁻1, while emerging storage technologies remain cost-sensitive due to material and system integration constraints. A key contribution of this work is the development of a multi-scale integration framework that connects resource characteristics, catalytic performance, storage behavior, and hybrid system design within a unified analytical structure. This framework highlights critical trade-offs, including the competition between biomass utilization for energy versus soil carbon sequestration and the water intensity of bio-hydrogen production (10–20 L kWh⁻1). The review identifies major research gaps in system-level optimization, economic assessment, and cross-domain integration, providing actionable directions for advancing sustainable and resilient energy infrastructures.

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  • Open Access

    Article

    Article ID: 4186

    Modeling and optimization of a grid-connected PV–wind–fuel cell hybrid system with hydrogen storage

    by Youssef El Baqqal, Mohammed Ferfra, Souleymane Kientega

    Energy Storage and Conversion, Vol.4, No.2, 2026;

    This paper presents a comprehensive techno-economic and environmental assessment of a grid-connected hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) integrating photovoltaic (PV), wind turbine (WT), and fuel cell (FC) technologies for a case study in Dakhla, Morocco. A detailed modeling framework is developed, including renewable generation, electrolyzer operation, hydrogen storage, and fuel cell conversion, combined with an energy management strategy to coordinate power flows between system components and the utility grid. The system design is formulated as a constrained optimization problem aiming to minimize the total annual cost while incorporating reliability and grid stability requirements through a penalty-based approach. The optimization is performed using a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm to evaluate three system configurations: PV–WT–FC, WT–FC, and PV–FC. The results show that the PV–WT–FC configuration provides the best overall performance, achieving a total annual cost of 186,957 USD, a levelized cost of energy (LCOE) of 0.1472 USD/kWh, and a high renewable energy fraction (REF) of 88.32%. This configuration also ensures excellent reliability (LPSP = 0%) and stable grid operation. In contrast, the WT–FC configuration achieves a lower LCOE of 0.1164 USD/kWh when considering component costs alone; however, it results in significant grid instability, leading to a high penalty cost of 700,588 USD and reduced overall feasibility. Similarly, the PV–FC configuration shows a higher total annual cost (255,425 USD) and lower renewable penetration (60%), making it less competitive. These findings highlight the importance of integrating grid stability and reliability constraints within the optimization framework. The proposed approach effectively identifies balanced system configurations that ensure cost efficiency, high renewable penetration, and stable operation, confirming the robustness and practical applicability of the PV–WT–FC system for sustainable energy deployment.

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Announcements

Congratulations! Energy Storage and Conversion Indexed in Scopus

2026-02-09

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We are thrilled to announce that the journal Energy Storage and Conversion has been officially accepted for inclusion in Scopus, one of the world’s leading abstract and citation databases.

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This milestone reflects the high quality and international impact of the research published in our journal. Over the years, Energy Storage and Conversion has been committed to publishing rigorous, innovative, and cutting-edge research in the field of energy storage and conversion technologies.

Inclusion in Scopus not only enhances the visibility of the journal and its articles but also strengthens our ability to reach a wider global audience of researchers, practitioners, and policymakers.

We sincerely thank our authors, reviewers, and editorial board members for their continued support and dedication, which have made this achievement possible.

We look forward to continuing to serve the scientific community and contributing to the advancement of energy storage research worldwide.

Editorial Office
Energy Storage and Conversion

 

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