Vol. 3 No. 3 (2025)

  • Open Access

    Article

    Article ID: 3827

    Wind energy in Pakistan: progress, gaps, and road maps

    by Sajad Hussain, Xiaonan Li, Ismat Ullah Khan

    Energy Storage and Conversion, Vol.3, No.3, 2025;

    Pakistan has a significant supply of wind energy, especially along the south coast; the country has been using the marginal resources, but no large-scale utilization has taken place as compared to its potential. This review is a critical analysis of wind energy development in Pakistan that has synthesized wind resource evaluation, deployment patterns, grid integration issues, and policy frameworks. As a contrast to the previous descriptive research, the article methodologically compares the estimates of the major wind potentials, examines the sources of methodological differences, and evaluates the uncertainties within the current available assessments. Based on peer-reviewed literature, reports on technical reports, and policy documents from 2000 to 2024, the review concludes that overall theoretical wind potential can be estimated at an approximate 50 GW to more than 130 GW, whereas realizable potential faces constraints as a result of grid bottlenecks, financial risk, and institutional fragmentation. Comparison to the chosen emerging wind markets, India, Egypt, and Morocco, provides a context in which Pakistan has performed and lessons which can be transferred in terms of policy and system integration. The paper ends with a synthesized roadmap that highlights grid modernization, policy uniformity, and grid diversity of deployment areas to be able to support wind energy in playing a role in the long-term energy security and decarbonization goals of Pakistan.

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  • Open Access

    Article

    Article ID: 3849

    Design and modelling of solar water pumping system for irrigation in Syria, Damascus

    by Samer Diab, Adil Adam

    Energy Storage and Conversion, Vol.3, No.3, 2025;

    This study focuses on designing a solar-powered water-pumping system. All system components have been theoretically pre-selected, including a design explanation and practical designs created using PVsyst and SolidWorks to ensure the effective construction of the water pumping system. The specific pumping requirements necessitated 4 kW of energy, which is provided by 21 solar panels of 200W each (totaling 4.2 kWp). The system is designed to pump 40 m3 of water from a depth of 160 meters each day. The selected components include a submersible pump (PS4000 C-SJ8-15) and a controller (PS4000) intended for a tilt angle of 30 degrees. The study also examined various technologies and found negligible differences in energy assessments (only +0.0035%), which validated the alignment in component selection. It concluded that solar-powered systems are economically viable and operate with a commendable efficiency of 32.5% (system efficiency). The conclusion of the findings, however, was a favorable view of the potential of solar energy as a viable alternative to fossil fuels in Syria. The case study of the solar water pumping system from Syria proves the technical feasibility and high potential of solar irrigation in Syria. The study ended on a positive note regarding the future of solar energy in Syria as a viable alternative to conventional energy sources.

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  • Open Access

    Article

    Article ID: 3366

    Thermodynamic modeling of the Power-to-Gas technology with methane and hydrogen as a chemical storage

    by Peter Ivanov, Andrey Zhuk

    Energy Storage and Conversion, Vol.3, No.3, 2025;

    A novel toolset is developed for the thermodynamic modeling of the direct and reverse energy conversion processes in the scope of Power-to-Gas technology, which means the use of gases as chemical storage of electricity. The direct process is well commercialized, electrolysis of water, or of vapor in the high temperature version. The reverse process, up to recently, has been considered unreasonable due to the high demand for electrolysis hydrogen for other processes. An appearance of highly efficient convertors of chemical energy of gases into electricity, like solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC), claims to reconsider the Power-to-Gas technology as a whole, firstly from a thermodynamic point of view. It is done in this paper using a one-way conversion approach in terms of thermodynamic cycle and thermodynamic potentials. To deal with the heat flow through the energy conversion plants, the pinch analysis was used by means of composed TQ-diagrams for heat sources and heat sinks. The toolset was tested on two options of the technology with methane and hydrogen as chemical storage. Methane option, compared with hydrogen, seems to be thermodynamically more efficient, because there are two cases of thermally integrating the exothermal and endothermal processes: high temperature electrolysis (SOEC technology) with methanation, and the internal reforming of methane in SOFC.

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