Comparative analysis of steady-state and dynamic models for grid-connected photovoltaic farm performance monitoring: A case study of Huawei SUN2000-60KTL-M0 inverter

Dias Prihatmoko
Doctoral Program of Engineering Science, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia; Department of Electrical Engineering, Universitas Islam Nahdlatul Ulama Jepara, Jepara 59424, Indonesia
Rustam Asnawi
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
Moh. Khairudin
Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
Nor Azlan Othman
Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Shah Alam 40450, Malaysia

Article ID: 4726

Keywords: photovoltaic monitoring; steady-state model; dynamic model; performance ratio; grid-connected PV

Abstract

This study evaluates the solar-to-electrical energy conversion performance of a 63.24 kWp grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) farm equipped with a Huawei SUN2000-60KTL-M0 (60 kW) inverter by comparing a steady-state diagnostic model against a dynamic observability assessment. A single-instant snapshot of 12 PV strings on 26 June 2026 identified three non-producing strings (PV6, PV7, PV8), reducing string availability to 75.0% and causing an instantaneous DC power shortfall of approximately 6.0 kW (23.6% of currently achievable capacity). Inverter DC-to-AC conversion efficiency was 98.72% and the observed daily-equivalent capacity factor was 15.48%, both computed directly from measured values. Performance Ratio is reported as not evaluable due to the absence of temporally overlapping plane-of-array irradiance data. The dynamic assessment evaluates day-to-day energy temporal variability and historical hourly weather variability from measured June 2026 and 2020–2025 records (mean absolute daily ramp 12.66%, daily energy CV 19.45%), while sub-minute electrical transient characteristics remain not evaluable owing to the lack of sub-minute electrical logging. A Model Observability Score (MOS) and Data Resolution Adequacy Index (DRAI) are computed from an a priori parameter registry. The steady-state model achieves an MOS of 87.5% (7 of 8 applicable parameters), while the dynamic model achieves 25.0% (4 of 16), with the gap concentrated in the electrical-transient domain and attributable to instrumentation limitations. A phased instrumentation roadmap is proposed. The findings provide a transparent, auditable template for determining appropriate monitoring depth in tropical grid-connected PV operations and maintenance practice.

Published

2026-08-25

How to Cite

Prihatmoko, D., Asnawi, R., Khairudin, M., & Othman, N. A. (2026). Comparative analysis of steady-state and dynamic models for grid-connected photovoltaic farm performance monitoring: A case study of Huawei SUN2000-60KTL-M0 inverter. Energy Storage and Conversion, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.59400/esc4726

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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