Integrated sustainable energy conversion and storage: Biomass feedstocks, catalytic pathways, electrochemical systems, and hybrid renewable architectures

  • Syed Mubashar Hussain Gardazi

    Department of Environmental Sciences, Women University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir Bagh, Bagh 12501, Pakistan
  • Muhammad Saqib

    Department of Chemical Engineering, NFC Institute of Engineering & Technology (NFC IET), Multan 60000, Pakistan
  • Bushra Sharf

    Department of Chemistry, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
  • Dameya Tariq orcid

    Department of Bioengineering, Üsküdar University, Istanbul 34662, Turkey
  • Muhammad Fasih Aamir orcid

    Graduate School of Science and Technology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 305-8577, Japan; International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba 305-0044, Japan
Article ID: 4267
DOI: https://doi.org/10.59400/esc4267
Keywords: biomass valorization, catalysis, circular economy, energy storage, hybrid renewable systems, lithium-sulfur batteries, sustainable energy conversion, thermochemical conversion

Abstract

The transition toward low-carbon energy systems requires not only efficient individual technologies but also their coherent integration across feedstock, conversion, storage, and system levels. This review presents a structured analysis of integrated sustainable energy conversion and storage systems, focusing on biomass feedstocks, catalytic pathways, electrochemical storage technologies, and hybrid renewable architectures. Literature published between 2015 and 2025 was critically evaluated using a targeted selection strategy to identify key performance trends, material limitations, and system-level bottlenecks. Quantitative comparisons indicate that biomass conversion efficiencies vary widely (30–75%) depending on lignin content and process conditions, while catalytic systems exhibit strong sensitivity to impurity levels and regeneration cycles. Among storage technologies, lithium–sulfur batteries demonstrate high theoretical energy densities (>400 Wh kg⁻1), but face stability and lifecycle challenges, whereas alternative systems such as sodium–sulfur and flow batteries offer advantages in cost and scalability. Techno-economic indicators reveal that biomass-based energy systems typically exhibit levelized costs of energy in the range of 0.08–0.15 USD kWh⁻1, while emerging storage technologies remain cost-sensitive due to material and system integration constraints. A key contribution of this work is the development of a multi-scale integration framework that connects resource characteristics, catalytic performance, storage behavior, and hybrid system design within a unified analytical structure. This framework highlights critical trade-offs, including the competition between biomass utilization for energy versus soil carbon sequestration and the water intensity of bio-hydrogen production (10–20 L kWh⁻1). The review identifies major research gaps in system-level optimization, economic assessment, and cross-domain integration, providing actionable directions for advancing sustainable and resilient energy infrastructures.

Published
2026-05-28
How to Cite
Mubashar Hussain Gardazi, S., Saqib, M., Sharf, B., Tariq, D., & Aamir, M. F. (2026). Integrated sustainable energy conversion and storage: Biomass feedstocks, catalytic pathways, electrochemical systems, and hybrid renewable architectures. Energy Storage and Conversion, 4(2). https://doi.org/10.59400/esc4267
Issue
Vol. 4 No. 2 (2026): In Progress
Section
Article

Copyright (c) 2026 Syed Mubashar Hussain Gardazi, Muhammad Saqib, Bushra Sharf, Dameya Tariq, Muhammad Fasih Aamir

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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