Optimizing tilt angles for enhanced solar PV output: A techno-environmental case study across Syrian cities

Ayman Abdul Karim  Alhijazi; Samer  diab; Adil adam

doi:10.59400/esc4036

Optimizing tilt angles for enhanced solar PV output: A techno-environmental case study across Syrian cities

Ayman Abdul Karim Alhijazi
Faculty of Mechatronics Engineering, Al-Shamal Private University, Sarmadā 5P9P+6CP, Syria
Samer diab
Engineering Department, Al-Zaytoonah International University, Azaaz 963-21, Syria
Adil adam
Engineering Department, Al Zahraa University, Jarablus R2G5+38J, Syria

Article ID: 4036

Keywords: PV system efficiency, PV performance, optimal tilt angles, rated power, renewable energy systems, optimization

Abstract

Accurate estimation of solar radiation and optimal tilt angles is essential for maximizing the efficiency and power output of photovoltaic (PV) systems. This study investigates the optimal tilt angles and expected power generation of PV systems across major Syrian cities using climatic and geographical data. Both isotropic and anisotropic solar radiation models were evaluated, with the anisotropic model yielding approximately 5% higher energy estimates than the isotropic model. Monthly and annual optimal tilt angles were calculated using global horizontal irradiance (GHI) and ambient temperature data. The estimated total solar radiation across the studied cities reaches peak values of 8.45–8.92 kWh/m²/day in June. Using a 2.76 kWp monocrystalline silicon PV system, the predicted peak PV power output ranges from 0.92–0.96 kW during the summer months, while winter outputs decrease to approximately 0.45–0.50 kW due to reduced solar radiation and shorter daylight hours. The findings indicate that the predicted optimal tilt angle for the year is quite close to the towns' latitudes. By adjusting the photovoltaic module monthly rather than annually, it is possible to achieve a 3.8% increase in power output at ambient temperature for the investigated cities. The paper also uses geographic and meteorological data, such as monthly averages of GHI and ambient temperatures, to determine optimal tilt angles on a monthly and yearly basis. These findings highlight the significant solar energy potential across Syrian regions and provide practical guidelines for optimizing PV system installation and performance. The results can assist engineers and energy planners in improving solar energy utilization and supporting sustainable energy development in Syria.

Published

2026-03-18

How to Cite

Alhijazi, A. A. K., diab, S., & adam, A. (2026). Optimizing tilt angles for enhanced solar PV output: A techno-environmental case study across Syrian cities. Energy Storage and Conversion, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.59400/esc4036

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Vol. 4 No. 1 (2026)

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Article

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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