A comparative research of the Piloti-type RC structure and non-Piloti-type RC structure under the nonlinear pushover analysis

Mo  Shi; Minwoo  Choi; Yeol  Choi

doi:10.59400/be1834

A comparative research of the Piloti-type RC structure and non-Piloti-type RC structure under the nonlinear pushover analysis

Mo Shi School of Architecture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; HaXell Elevator Co., Ltd., Shanghai 201801, China
Minwoo Choi School of Architecture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
Yeol Choi School of Architecture, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea

Article ID: 1834

69 Views

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59400/be1834

Keywords: Piloti-type RC structure; nonlinear pushover analysis; seismic damage; structural simulation; SAP 2000

Abstract

With the ongoing acceleration of the urbanization process, a large portion of the population is concentrated in urban areas, leading to significant issues with living space. The increasing number of vehicles necessitates more parking space, and the phenomenon of urbanization requires new building structures that can accommodate this need. As a result, there has been a rise in Piloti-type RC (reinforced concrete) structures, particularly in the Republic of Korea. These structures utilize their open ground floors for various purposes such as parking, storage, and social spaces, adding functional diversity to buildings and receiving positive reviews for these advantages. However, the open ground floor can potentially create security vulnerabilities if not adequately secured or monitored. This was evident during the Pohang earthquake in 2017 when numerous Piloti-type RC structures sustained more severe damage than conventional RC structures. Therefore, numerous previous researchers have emphasized the importance of ensuring structural safety in Piloti-type RC structures. In this research, the structural designs under the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transport of the Republic of Korea were used as a basis for simulation in SAP 2000. The focus was on comparing the structural performance of a typical Piloti-type RC structure with and without the Piloti-type design using nonlinear pushover analysis. The findings of this research are expected to provide a clear understanding of the differences between Piloti-type RC structures and non-Piloti-type RC structures. Additionally, based on the specific characteristics of Piloti-type RC structural vulnerabilities identified through nonlinear pushover analysis, this research is anticipated to serve as a valuable reference for reinforcing existing Piloti-type RC structures to better resist seismic activities, thereby reducing human casualties and economic damage resulting from seismic events.

References

[1]Shin J, Choi I, Kim J. Rapid decision-making tool of Piloti-type RC building structure for seismic performance evaluation and retrofit strategy using multi-dimensional structural parameter surfaces. Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. 2021; 151: 106978.

[2]Honda T, Omata T, Oda Y, et al. A study on characteristics of the tsunami force acting on members of piloti-type structures. Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers Ser B3 (Ocean Engineering). 2021; 73(2): 96–101.

[3]Hwang KR, Lee HS. Seismic damage to RC low-rise building structures having irregularities at the ground story during the 15 November 2017 Pohang, Korea, Earthquake. Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea. 2018; 22(3): 103–111.

[4]Kim T, Park JH, Yu E. Seismic fragility of low-rise piloti buildings based on 2017 Pohang earthquake damage. Journal of Building Engineering. 2023; 76: 107032.

[5]Kang S, Kim B, Bae S, et al. Earthquake-induced ground deformations in the low-seismicity region: A case of the 2017 M5. 4 Pohang, South Korea, earthquake. Earthquake Spectra. 2019; 35(3): 1235–1260.

[6]Dang‐Vu H, Lee DH, Shin J, et al. Influence of shear‐axial force interaction on the seismic performance of a piloti building subjected to the 2017 earthquake in Pohang Korea. Structural Concrete. 2020; 21(1): 220–234.

[7]Kim T, Chu Y, Kim SR, et al. Seismic behavior of domestic piloti-type buildings damaged by 2017 Pohang earthquake. Journal of the Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea. 2018; 22(3): 161–168.

[8]Kim B, Ji Y, Kim M, et al. Building damage caused by the 2017 M5. 4 Pohang, South Korea, earthquake, and effects of ground conditions. Journal of earthquake engineering. 2022; 26(6): 3054–3072.

[9]Shi M, Xu X, Choi Y. Nonlinear Pushover Analysis of the Influences on RC Footing for the External Elevator Well. Open Journal of Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(7): 1823–1842.

[10]Bhandari M, Bharti SD, Shrimali MK, et al. Assessment of proposed lateral load patterns in pushover analysis for base-isolated frames. Engineering Structures. 2018; 175: 531–548.

[11]Shayanfar MA, Ashoory M, Bakhshpoori T, et al. Optimization of modal load pattern for pushover analysis of building structures. Structural Engineering and Mechanics. 2013; 47(1): 119–129.

[12]Jalilkhani M, Ghasemi SH, Danesh M. (2020). A multi-mode adaptive pushover analysis procedure for estimating the seismic demands of RC moment-resisting frames. Engineering Structures, 213, 110528.

[13]Dorri F, Ghasemi H, Nowak A. Developing a lateral load pattern for pushover analysis of EBF system. Reliability Engineering and Resilience. 2019; 1(1): 42–54.

[14]Pierre AJ, Hidayat I. Seismic performance of reinforced concrete structures with pushover analysis. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 2020; 426(1): 012045.

[15]Faal HN, Poursha M. Applicability of the N2, extended N2 and modal pushover analysis methods for the seismic evaluation of base-isolated building frames with lead rubber bearings (LRBs). Soil Dynamics and Earthquake Engineering. 2017; 98: 84–100.

[16]Ismaeil M. Seismic capacity assessment of existing RC building by using pushover analysis. Civil Engineering Journal. 2018; 4(9): 2034–2043.

[17]Shamivand A, Akbari J, Allahyari P. An analytical formulation to extract the capacity curve of steel structures. Asian Journal of Civil Engineering. 2022; 23(7): 1183–1195.

[18]Ismaeil M, Sobaih M, Akl A. Seismic capacity assessment of existing RC buildings in the Sudan by using pushover analysis. Open Journal of Civil Engineering. 2015; 5(2): 154–174.

[19]Harris J, Speicher M. Assessment of performance-based seismic design methods in ASCE 41 for new steel buildings: Special moment frames. Earthquake Spectra. 2018; 34(3): 977–999.

[20]Sujayakumar DS, Venkatesh SV, Mithanthaya IR. The Behaviour of Hinges in Buildings Over Various Monitored Displacement-Pushover Analysis. International Journal of Emerging Engineering and Technology. 2022; 1(2): 13–18.

[21]Han SW, Lee CS, Paz Zambrana MA, et al. Calibration factor for ASCE 41–17 modeling parameters for stocky rectangular RC columns. Applied Sciences. 2019; 9(23): 5193.

[22]Choi KK, Kim JC. Seismic Capacity of RC Structures with Non-seismic Details and Standard Details for Structural Retrofit. Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute. 2015; 27(6): 31–35.

[23]Al Mamuna A, Saatcioglu M. Analytical modeling of moderately ductile RC frame structures for seismic performance evaluation using PERFORM-3D. Earthquake Spectra. 2019; 35(2): 635–652.

[24]Masrilayanti M, Hasibuan YA, Kurniawan R, et al. Performance evaluation of high-rise apartment building using pushover analysis. In: E3S Web of Conferences. EDP Sciences; 2023. Volume 429. p. 05024.

[25]Shah MA, Patel NK. Pushover Analysis: Recent State of Art. In: Sustainable Building Materials and Construction: Select Proceedings of ICSBMC 2021. Springer Nature; 2022. pp. 241–246.

[26]Hakim RA. Seismic assessment of RC building using pushover analysis. International journal of engineering science and technology. 2013; 1: 72–77.

[27]Eslami A, Ronagh HR. Effect of elaborate plastic hinge definition on the pushover analysis of reinforced concrete buildings. The Structural Design of Tall and Special Buildings. 2014; 23(4): 254–271.

[28]Damcı E, Öztorun NK, Çelik T. A plastic hinge method for static pushover analysis of 3D frame structures. Australian Journal of Structural Engineering. 2024; 25(4): 1–22.

[29]Peng WJ, Li ZA, Tao MX. Evaluation and story drift ratio limits of structures with separated gravity-and lateral-load-resisting systems using pushover analysis. Journal of Building Engineering. 2023; 76: 107223.

[30]Li J, Shan X, Deng Q. Study on the Impact of Design Factors of Piloti Forms on the Thermal Environment in Residential Quarters. Buildings. 2024; 14(5): 1303.

[31]Lee JE, Yoon YH. Influences of the residential environment on the apartment remodeling: involving the expansion of households and dwelling area. LHI Journal of Land, Housing, and Urban Affairs. 2011; 2(3): 259–268.

[32]Xi TY, Ding JH, Jin H. Study on the Influence of Piloti Arrangement on Outdoor Wind Environment in Residential Blocks in Subtropical Climate Zones. Applied Mechanics and Materials. 2017; 858: 227–233.

[33]Xia H, Sun Q, Wang S. Influence of strain rate effect on energy absorption characteristics of bio-inspired honeycomb column thin-walled structure under impact loading. Case Studies in Construction Materials. 2023; 18: e01761.

[34]Xia H, Sun Q, Wang S. FE model to define impacting resistance behavior of RC beams protected by AlSi10Mg buffer interlayer. In: Structures. Elsevier; 2023. Volume 58. p. 105329.

[35]Xia H, Fang X, Yu Q, et al. The impact protection behavior of UHPC composite structure on RC columns. Case Studies in Construction Materials. 2024; 21: e03866.

Published

2024-12-11

How to Cite

Shi, M., Choi, M., & Choi, Y. (2024). A comparative research of the Piloti-type RC structure and non-Piloti-type RC structure under the nonlinear pushover analysis. Building Engineering, 3(1), 1834. https://doi.org/10.59400/be1834

Download Citation

Issue

Vol. 3 No. 1 (2025)

Section

Article

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Editor-in-Chief

Prof. Scholz Miklas
University of Johannesburg, South Africa

eISSN

3029-2670

Publication Frequency

Semi-annual

About the Publisher

Academic Publishing insists on taking academic exchange and publication as the main line, carrying out comprehensive management based on science and technology, and fully exploring excellent international publishing resources. Within 5 years, it will form a strategic framework and scale with science (S), technology (T), medicine (M), education (E), and humanities and arts (H) as the main publishing fields. Academic Publishing is headquartered in Singapore and based in Malaysia, with the United States and China providing the main scientific and academic resources. At the same time, it has established long-term good cooperative relations with other publishing companies, scientific research communities, and academic organizations in more than a dozen countries and regions. Academic Publishing uses English and Chinese as its main publishing languages, mainly publishing books, journals, and conference papers in print and online. The vast majority of publications follow the international open access policy, providing stable and long-term quality and professional publications. With the joint efforts of the expert team and our professional editorial team, our publications will gradually be indexed by international databases in stages to provide convenient and professional retrieval for various scholars. At the same time, manuscripts we accept will be subject to the peer review principle, and cutting-edge and innovative research articles will be preferentially accepted for peer reference and discussion. All kinds of our publications are welcome for peer to contribute, access, and download.

more

Volume Arrangement

2025

2024

2023

Featured Articles

Effect of natural pozzolana, pozzolanic sand, and basalt on thermal and mechanical properties of green concrete

Green concrete, also known as sustainable concrete, is a building material that aims to reduce environmental impact by using natural, recycled, or sustainable materials in its production. One way to achieve sustainability in concrete is to replace cement with pozzolanic materials, which not only reduces the carbon footprint but also improves the performance of concrete and reduces its cost. This study aims to use natural materials that can partially or completely replace cement and conventional aggregates in concrete mixes. pozzolanic gravel (GPoz) replaced coarse aggregate, basaltic sand (SBas) and pozzolanic (SPoz) replaced fine aggregate, while ground pozzolana (PN) replaced cement. This work focuses on the experimentation and simulation of concrete mixes using the four abovementioned materials. 36 cubes were cast to conduct the thermal conductivity test by direct exposure of concrete samples, where an insulated thermal chamber was designed from thermal bricks, equipped with a heat source from the bottom and an empty space for the tested sample from the top, and then the resistance test on simple pressure was conducted for the cubic samples at the age of 28 days. Pozzolanic aggregate, when used in combination with basalt sand, showed greater thermal resistance compared to conventional concrete. Even with the replacement of 50% of the cement with ground pozzolana, we notice an increase in resistance of more than 11%, but with the replacement of basalt sand with pozzolana sand, we notice an increase in thermal resistance of more than 53%. As for the mechanical properties represented by resistance on simple pressure, we notice an acceptable decrease in resistance when replacing cement with pozzolana, with the exception of mixtures containing aggregates and pozzolana sand together, where replacing 50% of the cement with pozzolana increases the resistance on simple pressure by more than 46.4%.

Fulfilling the potentials of residential solar energy in Egypt

Energy plays a very important role in Egypt’s economic development, but the country has a gap between its produced energy and the demand of its growing population. Utilization of solar power systems in Egypt could help the country to close this gap and fulfil its national and international obligations. However, since 1980, the focus in Egypt has been on large-scale industrial solar projects. Limited attention is given to smaller systems for typical residential buildings. The aim of this research, therefore, is to highlight the potential of small residential solar systems (SRSS) in Egypt. With the huge number of residential buildings accommodating more than 115 million Egyptians, SRSS could be the unearthed gem of a sustainable source of energy in Egypt. The geographical location of Egypt and climate were used to generate solar data using the Global Solar Atlas application. The amounts of monthly and annual solar irradiations were calculated and analysed to decide the best orientation of the system (facing east, west, north, and south), identify the optimum tilt angle of the system, and determine the size of the solar panels. A case study was used to illustrate the procedures of designing SRSS for a typical residential building in Egypt. The results showed that a 26 kWp SRSS oriented facing the east with an optimum tilt angle between 15° and 30° could produce an annual total output of electricity more than the annual demand of the occupants of the studied residential building. Such a system would fit easily on the roof of the building. It was concluded that the installation of SRSS in Egypt could help the country meet the demand of its ever-increasing population if properly regulated, financed, and managed. It is recommended that Egypt develop and implement policies to make installations of SRSS an attractive choice among homeowners and investors by introducing encouraging incentives and creating a competitive market with affordable SRSS.

Fighting for collusive bidding in the construction industry: A text mining-enabled approach

Policy measures are crucial for regulating collusive bidding and are integral to effective governance. However, current research lacks a comparative exploration of strategies to combat collusive bidding through policy. Therefore, this study aims to identify more effective countermeasures by examining policy variations between regions with low and high incidences of collusive bidding. Using Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modeling, the study extracts key themes from these policies, while qualitative analysis highlights differences in approaches. It underscores that integrating electronic and information technology into bidding systems significantly reduces collusive practices. While increasing penalties can deter collusive bidding, achieving desired impacts requires thorough investigation and vigilant oversight. Additionally, strengthening external supervision enhances control over such activities. This study identifies critical governance strategies for addressing collusive bidding and advocates further research into more effective methods within the construction sector.

Comprehensive seismic loss model of Tehran, Iran in the case of Mosha fault seismic scenario using stochastic finite-fault method

This paper presents the results of a study caried out to assess probable seismic loss, in term of damage to the residential buildings and the number of fatalities, in the case of Mosha Fault seismic scenario in Tehran, Iran. Accordingly, seismic risk components (including seismic hazard, exposure model and fragility curves) are evaluated. The stochastic finite-fault method with dynamic corner frequency is applied for quantifying ground motion values. The results shows that PGA on the soil surface could range between 0.1 g to 0.45 g. Then, a reliable model of building exposure by analyzing census data from Tehran is compiled. This model included 19 different classes of buildings and is used to evaluate the potential damage to buildings from seismic scenario. The results indicate that the median of damage ratio from 100,000 iterations for the whole of the city is about 6% ± 1.54%. The study found that the central and eastern parts of Tehran are the most vulnerable areas, with an estimated 15,952 residents at risk of losing their lives in this scenario. This is equivalent to 0.2 percent of total population of Tehran. The finding from this study can be used by local authorities to provide appropriate emergency-response and preparedness plans in the case of Mosha Fault seismic scenario.

Digital transformation of quality management in the construction industry during the execution phase by integration of building information modeling (BIM) and cloud computing

The quality of construction projects significantly impacts social and economic development. However, low quality and project failure often result from factors such as lack of quality procedures, poor communication, task coordination, and inefficient progress monitoring. This research aims to improve the efficiency of the construction phase by creating quality control checklists for processes and enhancing quality management through a collaborative digital environment integrating building information modeling (BIM) and cloud computing. Expert constructive interviews were first conducted to define a construction process quality control procedure to be linked to the 3DBIM model and then transition to a collaborative cloud environment (Autodesk Construction Cloud). An actual instance in Latakia City (Syria) demonstrated that the proposed methodology improves the efficiency and effectiveness of quality management during the implementation phase. It does so by offering a robust database, enhancing on-site quality information extraction from BIM models using smartphones, documenting defects and entering inspection data directly into a shared digital environment, and making it easier to track corrective actions and feedback. This facilitates constant and organized access to current data, reducing errors and rework, saving money and time, and enhancing decision-making speed and effectiveness. The search recommends the necessity of strict laws to adhere to quality procedures and the importance of providing infrastructure for digital transformation in quality management.

Net zero energy analysis and energy conversion of sustainable residential building in Muscat, Oman

The building sector is the predominant consumer of primary energy globally. The building sector accounts for around 40% of global energy production.Net Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs) are highly suggested by energy experts as an effective option to alleviate the strain on primary energy sources caused by the building sector. The disparity between energy performance predictions provided during the design phase and the actual energy performance of residential buildings is mostly attributed to a limited comprehension of the components that influence energy consumption and the constraints of whole building simulation software. The objective of this research was to perform a comparison analysis of the expected and actual energy consumption of a prototype net-zero energy house built at the University of Technology and Applied Sciences in Muscat. The Hourly Analysis Programme (HAP V4.2) was utilised to forecast the energy consumption of a Net Zero Energy Building (NZEB) at HCT, taking into account the availability of an Energy Recovery Ventilator (ERV) and the absence of an ERV. The newly built house underwent a one-month testing phase to fulfil many duties according to competition regulations. One of the main goals was to generate on-site energy through photovoltaic panels, producing an amount proportional to the energy consumed by the house. Upon comparing the actual energy consumption data with the simulated result, it was noticed that the actual energy demand of the house was around 20% lower than the prediction made by the simulation tool.

Architecting sustainability performances and enablers for grid-interactive efficient buildings

Today, grid-interactive efficient buildings are gaining popularity due to their potential sustainability performances through their ability to learn, adapt, and evolve at different scales to improve the quality of life of their users while optimizing resource usage and service availability. This is realized through various practices such as management and control measures enabled by smart grid technologies, interoperability, and human-cyber-physical security. However, despite their great potential, the research of those technologies still faces various challenges. These include a lack of communication and control infrastructure to address interpretability, security, cost barriers, and difficulties balancing occupant needs with grid benefits. Initially, system modelling and simulation are promising approaches to address those challenges ahead of time. It involves the consideration of complex systems made up of components from various research domains. This paper addresses the above practices, highlighting the value of integrating technology and intelligence in the planning and operation of buildings, both new and old. It provides a way to educate architects and engineers about this emerging field and demonstrates how these practices can help in creating efficient, resilient, and secure buildings that contribute to occupant comfort and decarbonization.