Integrating mental health care and medical social work in infectious disease management
Abstract
The management of infectious diseases like tuberculosis (TB), HIV/AIDS, malaria, hepatitis, and COVID-19 presents significant challenges that extend beyond physical health, often deeply affecting the mental and psychosocial well-being of individuals. This paper focuses on integrating mental health care and medical social work into infectious disease management as a critical strategy for improving patient outcomes. Psychological burdens such as stigma, anxiety, depression, and fear of contagion can hinder treatment adherence and negatively impact health outcomes. Medical social workers play a crucial role by providing counseling, psychosocial support, and resource linkage, which help reduce stigma and foster resilience in patients and their families. They also advocate for systemic changes and address social determinants of health, contributing to health equity. As healthcare systems adapt to emerging infectious diseases, partnerships across sectors and community-based interventions are increasingly critical. These strategies align with Sustainable Development Goal 3 (Good Health and Well-being), promoting integrated, equitable, and holistic care. By prioritizing mental health and social work within infectious disease programs, healthcare systems can improve patient outcomes, enhance quality of life, and build resilient communities capable of addressing future health challenges. Therefore, incorporating trauma-informed care, collaborative care models, psychosocial support networks, mental health education, telemedicine, and policy advocacy could further strengthen the holistic management of infectious diseases. These approaches could improve both mental and physical health outcomes, thereby promoting a more resilient healthcare system and, ultimately, better outcomes for patients facing the dual challenges of infectious diseases and mental health issues.
Copyright (c) 2025 Idara Uyoata Johnson, Andrew Sampson Udofia, Nsikak Godwin Etim, Sylvester Chibueze Izah
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
[1]Acha, J., Sweetland, A., Guerra, D., et al. (2007). Psychosocial support groups for patients with multidrug-resistant tuberculosis: Five years of experience. Global Public Health, 2(4), 404–417. https://doi.org/10.1080/17441690701191610
[2]Agbeko, C. K., Mallah, M. A., He, B., et al. (2022). Mental health status and its impact on TB treatment and its outcomes: A scoping literature review. Frontiers in Public Health, 10, 855515.
[3]Agrawal, S., Dayama, S., & Galhotra, A. (2022). COVID-19 mental health challenges: A scoping review. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 11(1), 375.
[4]Asante, K. O. (2012). Social support and the psychological wellbeing of people living with HIV/AIDS in Ghana. African Journal of Psychiatry, 15(5), 340–345.
[5]Baik, D., Kim, B. W., & Ki, M. (2022). Increasing trends in mortality and costs of infectious diseases in Korea: Trends in mortality and costs of infectious diseases. Epidemiology and Health, 44, e2022010. https://doi.org/10.4178/epih.e2022010
[6]Baliashvili, D., Blumberg, H. M., Gandhi, N. R., et al. (2022). Hepatitis C care cascade among patients with and without tuberculosis: Nationwide observational cohort study in the country of Georgia, 2015–2020. PLoS Medicine, 20(5), e1004121. https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.10.11.22280975
[7]Balinda, I. G., Sugrue, D. D., & Ivers, L. C. (2019). More than malnutrition: A review of the relationship between food insecurity and tuberculosis. Open Forum Infectious Diseases, 6(4), ofz102. https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz102
[8]Bassey, S. E., & Izah, S. C. (2017). Some determinant factors of malaria prevalence in Nigeria. Journal of Mosquito Research, 7(7), 48–58.
[9]Bayham, J., Kuminoff, N. V., Gunn, Q., et al. (2015). Measured voluntary avoidance behavior during the 2009 A/H1N1 epidemic. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 282(1818), 20150814. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.0814
[10]Best, R. K. (2012). Disease politics and medical research funding: Three ways advocacy shapes policy. American Sociological Review, 77(5), 780–803. https://doi.org/10.1177/0003122412458509
[11]Bhana, A., Mellins, C. A., Petersen, I., et al. (2014). The VUKA family program: Piloting a family-based psychosocial intervention to promote health and mental health among HIV infected early adolescents in South Africa. AIDS Care, 26(1), 1–11.
[12]Bloom, D. E., & Cadarette, D. (2019). Infectious disease threats in the twenty-first century: Strengthening the global response. Frontiers in Immunology, 10, 549. https://doi.org/10.3389/fimmu.2019.00549
[13]Bopape, M., Nemakonde, L. D., & Fourie, K. (2021). Private companies and community collaboration: Towards building disaster resilience in Diepsloot, Johannesburg, South Africa. Jàmbá Journal of Disaster Risk Studies, 13(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.4102/jamba.v13i1.1003
[14]Boyes, M. E., & Cluver, L. D. (2013). Relationships among HIV/AIDS orphanhood, stigma, and symptoms of anxiety and depression in South African youth: A longitudinal investigation using a path analysis framework. Clinical Psychology Review, 1(3), 323–330. https://doi.org/10.1177/2167702613478595
[15]Brandt, C., Zvolensky, M. J., Woods, S. P., et al. (2017). Anxiety symptoms and disorders among adults living with HIV and AIDS: A critical review and integrative synthesis of the empirical literature. Clinical Psychology Review, 51, 164–184.
[16]Cele, W. B., & Mhlongo, E. M. (2020). Health professionals’ perceptions of the integration of mental health into HIV services. Global Journal of Health Science, 12(2), 13. https://doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v12n2p13
[17]Coyle, C., Kwakwa, H., & Viner, K. (2016). Integrating routine HCV testing in primary care: Lessons learned from five federally qualified health centers in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2012–2014. Public Health Reports, 131(2), 65–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/00333549161310s211
[18]Dahlui, M., Azahar, N., Bulgiba, A., et al. (2015). HIV/AIDS related stigma and discrimination against PLWHA in Nigerian population. PLoS One, 10(12), e0143749. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0143749
[19]Diagne, B. J., Hakima, A., El Harch, I., et al. (2022). Depression and anxiety in patients with hepatitis B and C in a Moroccan region: A cross-sectional study. Open Access Library Journal, 9(11), 1–12.
[20]Elsayed, W. (2023). Job performance evaluation of medical social workers during COVID-19 crisis: Tasks, attitudes, and difficulties. Emerging Science Journal, 7(4), 1138–1157.
[21]Emami, H., Modarressi, T., Najmi, K., et al. (2015). Psychological symptoms before and after a 14-day initial inpatient treatment in tuberculosis patients compared with their primary caregivers and healthy controls. Tanaffos, 14(3), 182–192.
[22]Enescu, A., Mitrut, P., Balasoiu, M., et al. (2014). Psychosocial issues in patients with chronic hepatitis B and C. Current Health Sciences Journal, 40(2), 93–100.
[23]Escandón, K., Rasmussen, A. L., Bogoch, I. I., et al. (2021). COVID-19 false dichotomies and a comprehensive review of the evidence regarding public health, COVID-19 symptomatology, SARS-CoV-2 transmission, mask wearing, and reinfection. BMC Infectious Diseases, 21(1), 1–47. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12879-021-06357-4
[24]Etim, N. G., Mirabeau, T. Y., Olorode, O. A., et al. (2023). Current diagnostics tools of tuberculosis: Challenges and opportunities. ES General, 3, 1059.
[25]Faccini, M., Cantoni, S., Ciconali, G., et al. (2015). Tuberculosis-related stigma leading to an incomplete contact investigation in a low-incidence country. Epidemiology and Infection, 143(13), 2841–2848.
[26]Farooq, S., Tunmore, J., & Comber, R. (2021). Pharmacological or non-pharmacological interventions for treatment of common mental disorders associated with tuberculosis: A systematic review. Chronic Respiratory Disease, 18, 14799731211003937. https://doi.org/10.1177/14799731211003937
[27]Fenichel, E. P., Kuminoff, N. V., & Chowell, G. (2013). Skip the trip: Air travelers’ behavioral responses to pandemic influenza. PLoS One, 8(3), e58249. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058249
[28]Firman, F., & Yona, S., Allenidekania, A. (2022). The role of social support on resilience in people living with HIV/AIDS: A systematic literature review. Qanun Medika, 6(2).
[29]Fischer, L. S., Mansergh, G., Lynch, J., et al. (2019). Addressing disease-related stigma during infectious disease outbreaks. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 13(5–6), 989–994.
[30]Frazzoli, C., Grasso, G., Husaini, D. C., et al. (2023). Immune system and epidemics: The role of African indigenous bioactive substances. Nutrients, 15(2), 273. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15020273
[31]German, D., & Latkin, C. A. (2012). Boredom, depressive symptoms, and HIV risk behaviors among urban injection drug users. AIDS and Behavior, 16, 2244–2250.
[32]Ghiyasvandian, S., Shahsavari, H., Matourypour, P., et al. (2021). Integrated care model: Transition from acute to chronic care. Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem, 74, e20200910. https://doi.org/10.1590/0034-7167-2020-0910
[33]Guilamo-Ramos, V., Thimm-Kaiser, M., Benzekri, A., et al. (2021). Nurses at the frontline of public health emergency preparedness and response: Lessons learned from the HIV/AIDS pandemic and emerging infectious disease outbreaks. Lancet Infectious Diseases, 21(10), e326–e333. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30983-x
[34]Han, C. K., Ssewamala, F. M., & Wang, J. S. H. (2013). Family economic empowerment and mental health among AIDS-affected children living in AIDS-impacted communities: Evidence from a randomised evaluation in southwestern Uganda. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 67(3), 225–230.
[35]Haryanti, T., & Nugroho, F. S. (2019). Public stigma about people with HIV/AIDS in Sukoharjo District, Sukoharjo Regency. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Health Research (ISHR 2019); 27–30 November 2019; Bali, Indonesia.
[36]Hatzenbuehler, M. L., O’Cleirigh, C., Mayer, K. H., et al. (2011). Prospective associations between HIV-related stigma, transmission risk behaviors, and adverse mental health outcomes in men who have sex with men. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 42(2), 227–234. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-011-9275-z
[37]Hochstatter, K. R., Akhtar, W. Z., Dietz, S., et al. (2021). Potential influences of the COVID-19 pandemic on drug use and HIV care among people living with HIV and substance use disorders: Experience from a pilot mHealth intervention. AIDS and Behavior, 25, 354–359.
[38]Howell, A., Mills, C., & Rushton, S. (2017). The (Mis)appropriation of HIV/AIDS advocacy strategies in global mental health: Towards a more nuanced approach. Globalization and Health, 13, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12992-017-0263-3
[39]Hwang, E. (2022). Factors affecting the quality of work life of nurses at tertiary general hospitals in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(8), 4718. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19084718
[40]Idro, R., Kakooza-Mwesige, A., Asea, B., et al. (2016). Cerebral malaria is associated with long-term mental health disorders: A cross sectional survey of a long-term cohort. Malaria Journal, 15, 1–11.
[41]Izah, S. C., Chandel, S. S., Aigberua, A. O., et al. (2020). Coronavirus disease 2019: The emergence of popular unverified myths and realities to its spread. International Journal of Life Sciences and Pharmaceutical Research, 10(5), 17–26.
[42]Izah, S. C., Iniamagha, I., & Sylva, L. (2020). Two months of COVID-19 pandemic in Nigeria: Distribution and responses of the Nigerian media. Epidemiology International, 5(2), 32–44.
[43]Izah, S. C., & Joshua, M. T. (2025). Pandemic preparedness in the era of novel viral pathogens: Bridging public health and diagnostic innovations. International Journal of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, 7(1), 124.
[44]Jack, T. J., & Izah, S. C. (2024). Mental health interventions for post-disaster trauma in displaced communities in developing countries. Annals of Community Medicine and Practice, 9(2), 1064.
[45]Jack, T. J., & Izah, S. C. (2024). Public health outcomes through medical social work: A focus on common bacterial infections. Journal of Advanced Research in Psychology and Psychotherapy, 7(1–2), 6–20.
[46]Jack, T. J., & Izah, S. C. (2025). Medical social work in hospice settings: Bridging clinical care and emotional support. Sustainable Social Development, 3(1), 31–36. https://doi.org/10.54517/ssd3136
[47]Jack, T. J., & Izah, S. C. (2025). Statistical approaches in medical social work: Enhancing health surveillance and evaluating intervention outcomes. Greener Journal of Epidemiology and Public Health, 13(1), 6–18.
[48]Jacobi, C. A., Atanga, P. N., & Bin, L. K. (2020). “My friend with HIV remains a friend”: HIV/AIDS stigma reduction through education in secondary schools—a pilot project in Buea, Cameroon. Journal of the International Association of Providers of AIDS Care, 19.
[49]Johnson, I. U., Asuquo, A. E., & Izah, S. C. (2024). Epidemiological trends and public health strategies in malaria control: A global perspective. ES General, 7, 1365. https://doi.org/10.30919/esg1365
[50]Joshua, M. T., Austin-Asomeji, I., Izah, S. C., et al. (2024). Environmental factors exacerbating hepatitis transmission: A mini review. Journal of Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology, 12(1), 1181.
[51]Kang, S., Kim, Y., & Kim, J. (2023). An analysis of the policy participation of field response nurses in South Korea: COVID‐19 response guidelines and the infectious disease act revision. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 55(1), 202–214. https://doi.org/10.1111/jnu.12850
[52]Kastien-Hilka, T., Abulfathi, A., Rosenkranz, B., et al. (2016). Health-related quality of life and its association with medication adherence in active pulmonary tuberculosis—a systematic review of global literature with focus on South Africa. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 14, 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12955-016-0442-6
[53]Kates, N. (2008). Promoting collaborative care in Canada: The Canadian Collaborative Mental Health Initiative. Family Systems & Health, 26(4), 466–473. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0014230
[54]Kaur, J. (2015). Mental healthcare system: A dynamic continuum. UC Merced Undergraduate Research Journal, 8(1), 1–15.
[55]Kelly, B. J., Perkins, D. A., Fuller, J. D., et al. (2011). Shared care in mental illness: A rapid review to inform implementation. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 5, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/1752-4458-5-31
[56]Kempf, M. C., Huang, C. H., Savage, R., et al. (2015). Technology-delivered mental health interventions for people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA): A review of recent advances. Current HIV/AIDS Reports, 12, 472–484.
[57]Kim, H. S., & Eun, S. J. (2021). Age-Period-Cohort analysis of trends in infectious disease mortality in South Korea from 1983 to 2017. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 906. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18030906
[58]Kodom, R. B. (2023). The role of social work in the healthcare settings during the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa. International Social Work, 66(5), 1567–1572.
[59]Koroma, B. M., Suluku, R., & Oskam, L., et al. (2018). One Health: A new paradigm in fighting infectious diseases in West Africa. Medical Clinical Research, 3(2).
[60]Lai, S., Ruktanonchai, N. W., Zhou, L., et al. (2020). Effect of non-pharmaceutical interventions to contain COVID-19 in China. Nature, 585(7825), 410–413.
[61]Lee, J. M., Jansen, R., Sanderson, K. E., et al. (2023). Public health emergency preparedness for infectious disease emergencies: A scoping review of recent evidence. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 420. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-023-15313-7
[62]Li, L., Lee, S. J., Thammawijaya, P., et al. (2009). Stigma, social support, and depression among people living with HIV in Thailand. AIDS Care, 21(8), 1007–1013.
[63]Liu, X., Zhu, M., Zhang, R., et al. (2021). Public mental health problems during COVID-19 pandemic: A large-scale meta-analysis of the evidence. Translational Psychiatry, 11(1), 384.
[64]Mainga, T., Gondwe, M., Stewart, R. C., et al. (2022). Conceptualization, detection, and management of psychological distress and mental health conditions among people with tuberculosis in Zambia: A qualitative study with stakeholders’ and TB health workers. International Journal of Mental Health Systems, 16(1), 34. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13033-022-00542-x
[65]Martinez, A. D., Dimova, R., Marks, K. M., et al. (2012). Integrated internist–addiction medicine–hepatology model for hepatitis C management for individuals on methadone maintenance. Journal of Viral Hepatitis, 19(1), 47–54. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2893.2010.01411.x
[66]Maskell, R., Rudkovska, A., Kfrerer, M., et al. (2017). Collaborative care models for integrating mental health and primary care: A policy overview. University of Western Ontario Medical Journal, 86(2), 13–15. https://doi.org/10.5206/uwomj.v86i2.1413
[67]Maynard, C., Tariq, S., Sotgiu, G., et al. (2023). Psychosocial support interventions to improve treatment outcomes for people living with tuberculosis: A mixed methods systematic review and meta-analysis. eClinicalMedicine, 61, 102057.
[68]Mbonye, M. K., Burnett, S. M., Naikoba, S., et al. (2016). Effectiveness of educational outreach in infectious diseases management: A cluster randomized trial in Uganda. BMC Public Health, 16, 1–14.
[69]Meyer, D., Bishai, D., Ravi, S. J., et al. (2020). A checklist to improve health system resilience to infectious disease outbreaks and natural hazards. BMJ Global Health, 5(8), e002429. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2020-002429
[70]Miller, C. J., Grogan-Kaylor, A., Perron, B. E., et al. (2013). Collaborative chronic care models for mental health conditions: Cumulative meta-analysis and metaregression to guide future research and implementation. Medical Care, 51(10), 922–930. https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0b013e3182a3e4c4
[71]Miller, E. R., McNally, S., Wallace, J., et al. (2012). The ongoing impacts of hepatitis C: A systematic narrative review of the literature. BMC Public Health, 12, 672.
[72]Mitterlechner, M., & Beese, A. S. (2023). Practices constituting resilient communities. International Journal of Integrated Care, 23(S1), 579. https://doi.org/10.5334/ijic.icic23219
[73]Moayedi, F., Hormozi, S. J., & Tahamtan, I. (2015). Mental health status of patients with HIV/AIDS in the south of Iran. Health Scope, 4(2).
[74]Mouton, M. (2011). “More than a liver”: Social work’s contribution to the well-being of people undergoing treatment for hepatitis C. Journal of Social Work Practice in the Addictions, 11(1), 40–59.
[75]Muñoz-Ortega, S., Santamaría-Guayaquil, D., Pluas-Borja, J., et al. (2024). Mental health in healthcare workers post-COVID-19: A Latin American review and insights into personalized management strategies. Journal of Personalized Medicine, 14(7), 680. https://doi.org/10.3390/jpm14070680
[76]Nie, K. X., Wang, C., & Li, X. W. (2020). Success of big infectious disease reimbursement policy in China. INQUIRY, 57, 0046958020907788. https://doi.org/10.1177/0046958020907788
[77]Nuzzo, J. B., Meyer, D., Snyder, M., et al. (2019). What makes health systems resilient against infectious disease outbreaks and natural hazards? Results from a scoping review. BMC Public Health, 19, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-7707-z
[78]Nwodo, M. U., Olorode, O. A., Mirabeau, T. Y., et al. (2023). Molecular detection of hepatitis B virus genotypes in tertiary hospitals in Yenagoa, Nigeria. Journal of Community Medicine and Health Care, 8(2), 1067.
[79]Omosigho, P. O., John, O. O., Musa, M. B., et al. (2023). Stigma and infectious diseases in Africa: Examining impact and strategies for reduction. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 85(12), 6078–6082.
[80]Onyinyechi, O. M., Mohd Nazan, A. I. N., & Ismail, S. (2023). Effectiveness of health education interventions to improve malaria knowledge and insecticide-treated nets usage among populations of sub-Saharan Africa: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 11, 1217052.
[81]Overbeck, G., Davidsen, A. S., & Kousgaard, M. B. (2016). Enablers and barriers to implementing collaborative care for anxiety and depression: A systematic qualitative review. Implementation Science, 11, 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13012-016-0519-y
[82]Pasha, A., Siddiqui, H., Ali, S., et al. (2021). Impact of integrating mental health services within existing tuberculosis treatment facilities. Journal of Medical Access, 5(4), 23992026211011314. https://doi.org/10.1177/23992026211011314
[83]Peng, E. Y. C., Lee, M. B., Tsai, S. T., et al. (2010). Population-based post-crisis psychological distress: An example from the SARS outbreak in Taiwan. Journal of the Formosan Medical Association, 109(7), 524–532. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0929-6646(10)60087-3
[84]Peng, X., Pu, Y., Jiang, X., et al. (2021). Analysis of factors that influenced the mental health status of public health workers during the COVID-19 epidemic based on Bayesian networks: A cross-sectional study. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 755347.
[85]Prescott, S., Schminkey, D., Abukhalaf, D., et al. (2023). A framework to guide research and practice response to emerging infectious diseases: Genomic‐to‐global considerations. Public Health Nursing, 40(1), 144–152. https://doi.org/10.1111/phn.13133
[86]Pui-Hing Wong, J., Tai-Wai Li, A., Kwong-Lai Poon, M., et al. (2013). An exploratory study on the mental health of immigrants, refugees and non-status people living with HIV in Toronto. International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care, 9(3), 122–134.
[87]Putra, W. G. A. E., Dewi, N. P. E. P., Probandari, A. N., et al. (2023). The implementation of comprehensive health education to improve household contacts’ participation in early detection of tuberculosis. Health Education and Behavior, 50(1), 136–143. https://doi.org/10.1177/10901981211001829
[88]Qiao, S., Li, X., & Stanton, B. (2014). Social support and HIV-related risk behaviors: A systematic review of the global literature. AIDS and Behavior, 18, 419–441.
[89]Rizvi Jafree, S., Ahsan, H., & Mustafa, M. (2023). The low odds of poor women with small business loans emerging from poverty: Critical social policy implications for Pakistan. Poverty and Public Policy, 15(3), 308–331. https://doi.org/10.1002/pop4.380
[90]Sambisa, W., Curtis, S., & Mishra, V. (2010). AIDS stigma as an obstacle to uptake of HIV testing: Evidence from a Zimbabwean national population-based survey. AIDS Care, 22(2), 170–186. https://doi.org/10.1080/09540120903038374
[91]Sawyer, W. E., & Izah, S. C. (2024). Vaccine hesitancy drivers and interventions for improved immunization coverage in developing nations. Annals of Community Medicine and Practice, 9(2), 1063.
[92]Sengupta, S., Banks, B., Jonas, D., et al. (2011). HIV interventions to reduce HIV/AIDS stigma: A systematic review. AIDS and Behavior, 15, 1075–1087. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-010-9847-0
[93]Septiani, F., Erawati, M., & Suhartini, S. (2022). Factors affecting the quality of life among pulmonary tuberculosis patients: A literature review. Nurse Health Journal Keperawatan, 11(1), 57–69. https://doi.org/10.36720/nhjk.v11i1.351
[94]Shen, Y. Z., Wang, Z. Y., Qi, T. K., et al. (2013). Serological survey of viral hepatitis markers among newly diagnosed patients with HIV/AIDS in China. HIV Medicine, 14(3), 167–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1293.2012.01048.x
[95]Silva-Jr, F. P., Panda, S. S., Andrade, C. H., et al. (2022). Editorial: Current approaches in infectious disease drug discovery. Frontiers in Chemistry, 10, 1102402. https://doi.org/10.3389/fchem.2022.1102402
[96]Simbayi, L. C., Kalichman, S., Strebel, A., et al. (2007). Internalized stigma, discrimination, and depression among men and women living with HIV/AIDS in Cape Town, South Africa. Social Science and Medicine, 64(9), 1823–1831.
[97]Sunguya, B. F., Mlunde, L. B., Ayer, R., et al. (2017). Towards eliminating malaria in high endemic countries: The roles of community health workers and related cadres and their challenges in integrated community case management for malaria: A systematic review. Malaria Journal, 16, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12936-016-1667-x
[98]Tayyib, N. M. (2022). An action plan to address the mental health impact of COVID-19 on communities: Five effective strategies. Psychological Services, 19(S2), 5–16. https://doi.org/10.1037/ser0000575
[99]Tesfaye, M., Hanlon, C., Tessema, F., et al. (2014). Common mental disorder symptoms among patients with malaria attending primary care in Ethiopia: A cross-sectional survey. PLoS One, 9(9), e108923.
[100]Thakarar, K., Morgan, J. R., Gaeta, J. M., et al. (2015). Predictors of frequent emergency room visits among a homeless population. PLoS One, 10(4), e0124552. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124552
[101]Tola, H. H., Shojaeizadeh, D., Tol, A., et al. (2016). Psychological and educational intervention to improve tuberculosis treatment adherence in Ethiopia based on health belief model: A cluster randomized control trial. PLoS One, 11(5), e0155147. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0155147
[102]Torrens, M., Soyemi, T., Bowman, D., et al. (2020). Beyond clinical outcomes: The social and healthcare system implications of hepatitis C treatment. BMC Infectious Diseases, 20, 1–12.
[103]Tucci, V., Moukaddam, N., Meadows, J., et al. (2017). The forgotten plague: Psychiatric manifestations of Ebola, Zika, and emerging infectious diseases. Journal of Global Infectious Diseases, 9(4), 151–156. https://doi.org/10.4103/jgid.jgid_66_17
[104]Upshur, C., & Weinreb, L. (2008). A survey of primary care provider attitudes and behaviors regarding treatment of adult depression: What changes after a collaborative care intervention? Primary Care Companion for CNS Disorders, 10(3), 182. https://doi.org/10.4088/pcc.v10n0301
[105]van Ginneken, N., Maheedhariah, M. S., Ghani, S., et al. (2017). Human resources and models of mental healthcare integration into primary and community care in India: Case studies of 72 programmes. PLoS One, 12(6), e0178954. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0178954
[106]Van Orden, M., Hoffman, T., Haffmans, J., et al. (2009). Collaborative mental health care versus care as usual in a primary care setting: A randomized controlled trial. Psychiatric Services, 60(1), 74–79. https://doi.org/10.1176/ps.2009.60.1.74
[107]Wan, Z., Lian, M., Ma, H., et al. (2022). Factors associated with burnout among Chinese nurses during COVID-19 epidemic: A cross-sectional study. BMC Nursing, 21(1), 51. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-022-00831-3
[108]Wilson, L., Hamwi, S., Zanni, F., et al. (2023). Global public health policies: Gathering public health associations’ perspectives. Global Health Action, 16(1), 2183596. https://doi.org/10.1080/16549716.2023.2183596
[109]World Health Organization. (2022). COVID-19 pandemic triggers 25% increase in prevalence of anxiety and depression worldwide. Available online: https://www.who.int/news/item/02-03-2022-covid-19-pandemic-triggers-25-increase-in-prevalence-of-anxiety-and-depression-worldwide (accessed on 6 December 2024).
[110]Yang, Q., Yang, D., Li, P., et al. (2021). A bibliometric and visual analysis of global community resilience research. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(20), 10857. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182010857
[111]You, J. (2020). Lessons from South Korea’s COVID-19 policy response. American Review of Public Administration, 50(6–7), 801–808. https://doi.org/10.1177/0275074020943708
[112]Yue, J. L., Yan, W., Sun, Y. K., et al. (2020). Mental health services for infectious disease outbreaks including COVID-19: A rapid systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 50(15), 2498–2513.
[113]Zelnick, J. R., Seepamore, B., Daftary, A., et al. (2018). Training social workers to enhance patient-centered care for drug-resistant TB-HIV in South Africa. Public Health Action, 8(1), 25–27.
[114]Zhou, X. N. (2012). Prioritizing research for “One health–One world”. Infectious Diseases of Poverty, 1, 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1186/2049-9957-1-1
[115]Zimmerman, C., Kiss, L., & Hossain, M. (2011). Migration and health: A framework for 21st century policy-making. PLoS Medicine, 8(5), e1001034. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001034
