Advanced engineered nanomaterials for next-generation flexible wearable bioelectronics interface: A comprehensive review
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Salaman Ahamad
Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
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Shaista Fatima
Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
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Sameera Zafar
Department of Botany, Mohd. Hasan P.G. College, Jaunpur 222001, India
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Mohd Hasan Mujahid
Department of Polymer and Process Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee 247667, India
Abstract
Nanomaterials have been found to possess tremendous potential as novel enabling elements in the highly dynamic field of flexible wearable bioelectronics. This is owing to their ability to allow for smooth interfacing between artificially designed devices and complex biological systems at both the molecular and cellular levels. Their highly desirable physicochemical properties, including elevated surface-area-to-volume ratios, quantum confinement, electronic conductivity, and mechanical flexibility, make nanomaterials promising candidates for novel wearable electronic devices that can find applications in continuous biosensing, bioactuation, neural interfacing, and real-time bioimaging. Most importantly, they can allow for the realization of basic elements of bioelectronics, such as bio-memory devices, biological logic gates, and biomolecule-integrated processors. These can potentially allow for overcoming the limitations of conventional rigid silicon-based electronic devices through intelligent integration with biomolecular recognition. This review article presents a systematic and comprehensive discussion on the most prominent classes of engineered nanomaterials utilized in the development of flexible wearable bioelectronics, including carbon-based nanostructured materials, intrinsically conducting polymers, metallic and bimetallic nanomaterials, as well as multifunctional nanocomposites. In addition, the review article places significant emphasis on the elucidation of the most significant structure-function relationships in the context of the most prominent application areas, including epidermal biosensing devices, soft neural interfaces, as well as biomimetic tissue engineering constructs. In addition, the most promising trends in the development of flexible, stretchable, as well as skin-conformable bioelectronic architectures are also critically discussed in the article. The current challenges in the development of flexible wearable bioelectronics, including the most prominent issues in the context of biocompatibility, long-term stability, and scalability, are also discussed in the article.
Copyright (c) 2026 Salaman Ahamad, Shaista Fatima, Sameera Zafar, Mohd Hasan Mujahid
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
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