The AI spectrum under the doctrine of necessity: Towards the flexibility of the future legal praxis

Lambrini  Seremeti; Ioannis  Kougias

doi:10.59400/cai.v2i1.1258

The AI spectrum under the doctrine of necessity: Towards the flexibility of the future legal praxis

Lambrini Seremeti School of Education, Frederick University of Nicosia, 1036 Nicosia, Cyprus; Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Semantic Interconnected Symbiotic Education Environments, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Peloponnese, 263 34 Patras, Greece
Ioannis Kougias Laboratory of Interdisciplinary Semantic Interconnected Symbiotic Education Environments, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Peloponnese, 263 34 Patras, Greece

Article ID: 1258

118 Views, 88 PDF Downloads

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59400/cai.v2i1.1258

Keywords: artificial intelligence; doctrine of necessity; legal system; society

Abstract

Society is rapidly changing into an implicitus one. The main factor leading to this societal transition is the integration of artificial intelligence (AI), influencing all aspects of anthropocentric legal order. The deep concern to safeguard fundamental human rights under unforeseeable circumstances threatening hypostasis, leads those who are involved in the legal praxis to reorganize the legal system to ensure its functional continuity. To this purpose, a reliable extra-legal tool, such as the doctrine of necessity, is proposed, to validate the issue of AI development that falls outside the purview of any legal process, though, being necessary for society prosperity.

References

[1]Ruiz-Real JL, Uribe-Toril J, Torres JA, et al. Artificial intelligence in business and economics research: trends and future. Journal of Business Economics and Management. 2020; 22(1): 98-117. doi: 10.3846/jbem.2020.13641

[2]Khan ZF, Alotaibi SR. Applications of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data Analytics in m-Health: A Healthcare System Perspective. Journal of Healthcare Engineering. 2020; 2020: 1-15. doi: 10.1155/2020/8894694

[3]Sharma A, Georgi M, Tregubenko M, et al. Enabling smart agriculture by implementing artificial intelligence and embedded sensing. Computers & Industrial Engineering. 2022; 165. doi: 10.1016/j.icie.2022.107936

[4]Simmler M, Canova G, Schedler K. Smart criminal justice: Phenomena and normative requirements. International Review of Administrative Sciences. 2021; 89(2): 415-432. doi: 10.1177/00208523211039740

[5]Boute RN, Gijsbrechts J, Van Mieghem, JA. Digital lean operations: Smart automation and artificial intelligence in financial services. In: Innovative Technology at the Interface of Finance and Operations. Springer, Cham; 2022. pp. 175-188.

[6]Wanes SRAO. Artificial intelligence role for advertising campaigns development. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Emerging Technology. 2021; 4(1): 1-16.

[7]Xu L. Artificial intelligence for general layout and transportation engineering with GIS technology. In: International Conference on Big Data Analytics for Cyber-Physical-Systems. Springer, Singapore; 2021. pp. 927-934.

[8]Yang SJH, Ogata H, Matsui T, et al. Human-centered artificial intelligence in education: Seeing the invisible through the visible. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence. 2021; 2: 100008. doi: 10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100008

[9]Molano JC, Molano JCC. Criticalities and advantages of the use of artificial intelligence in research. In: Handbook of Research on Advanced Research Methodologies for a Digital Society. IGI Global; 2022. pp. 161-175.

[10]Stahl BC, Rodrigues R, Santiago N, et al. A European Agency for Artificial Intelligence: Protecting fundamental rights and ethical values. Computer Law & Security Review. 2022; 45: 105661. doi: 10.1016/j.clsr.2022.105661

[11]Adamson P. Making a Virtue of Necessity: Anangkê in Plato and Plotinus. Études platoniciennes. 2011; (8): 9-30. doi: 10.4000/etudesplatoniciennes.442

[12]Commisso VJ. Dynamic politics: Necessity founding, and (re)founding in Machiavelli’s Discourses on Livy [PhD thesis]. State University of New York at Albany; 2016.

[13]Tanzi A. State of necessity. Oxford Public International Law. 2021.

[14]Dixon F. Global system change: A Whole System Approach to Societal Transformation. Cadmus. 2021; 4(5): 147-154.

[15]Sweetman B. Evolution, chance and necessity in the Universe. Revista Portuguesa de Filosofia. 2010; 66(4): 897-910.

[16]Leech J. Kant on the Necessity of Necessity. History of Philosophy & Logical Analysis. 2021; 25(1): 66-94. doi: 10.30965/26664275-02400005

[17]Bray C. The philosophy of necessity or natural law as applicable to moral mental and social science. Kessinger Publishing; 2007.

[18]Xie VC, Pu J, Metzger BP, et al. Contingency and chance erase necessity in the experimental evolution of ancestral proteins. eLife. 2021; 10. doi: 10.7554/elife.67336

[19]Rother S. Global migration governance from below in times of covid-19 and “zoomification”: civil society in “invited” and “invented” spaces”. Comparative Migration Studies. 2022; 10(1). doi: 10.1186/s40878-021-00275-9

[20]Vadi V. International law and its histories: Methodological risks and opportunities. Harvard International Law Journal. 58(2): 311-352.

[21]Wong BBM, Candolin U. Behavioral responses to changing environments. Behavioral Ecology. 2014; 26(3): 665-673. doi: 10.1093/beheco/aru183

[22]Ruhl JB, Katz DM, Bommarito MJ. Harnessing legal complexity. Science. 2017; 355(6332): 1377-1378. doi: 10.1126/scienceaag3013

[23]Lee B, Lee KM, Yang JS. Network structure reveals patterns of legal complexity in human society: The case of the Constitutional legal network. PLoS ONE. 2019; 14(1). doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.o29844

[24]Clegg M, Ellena K, Ennis D, et al. The hierarchy of laws: Understanding and implementing the legal frameworks that govern elections. International Foundation for Electoral Systems. 2016.

[25]Kolb R. General principles of law, jus cogens and the unity of the international legal order. In: General Principles and the Coherence of International Law. 2019. pp. 60-64.

[26]Green JA. Self-preservation. Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (MPEPIL). 2009.

[27]Silkenat JR, Hickey JE, Barenboim PD, et al. The Legal Doctrines of the Rule of Law and the Legal State (Rechtsstaat). Springer International Publishing; 2014. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-05585-5

[28]Draft articles on Responsibility of States for International Wrongful Acts, with commentaries. Yearbook of the International Law Commission.

[29]Hayashi N. Military necessity: The art, morality and law of war. Cambridge University Press; 2020.

[30]Mark W, Weidemaier C, Gulati M. Necessity and the covid-19 pandemic. Capital Markets Law Journal. 2020; 15(3): 277-283. doi: 10.1093/cmlj/kmaa013

[31]Cervantes S, López S, Cervantes JA. Toward ethical cognitive architectures for the development of artificial moral agents. Cognitive Systems Research. 2020; 64: 117-125. doi: 10.1016/j.cogsys.2020.08.010

[32]Kassens-Noor E, Siegel J, Decaminada T. Choosing Ethics Over Morals: A Possible Determinant to Embracing Artificial Intelligence in Future Urban Mobility. Frontiers in Sustainable Cities. 2021; 3. doi: 10.3389/frsc.2021.723475

[33]Pickel A. Rethinking systems theory: A programmatic introduction. Philosophy of the Social Sciences. 2007; 37(4): 391-407. doi: 10.1177/0048393107307809

[34]Sushil P. Theory of flexible systems management. In: Sushil P, Connell J, Burger J (editors). Flexible Work Organizations. Flexible Systems Management. Springer; 2016.

[35]Roosevelt K. Certainty versus flexibility in the conflict of laws. In: Ferrari F, Fernandez Arroyo DP (editors). Private International Law: Contemporary Challenges and Continuity Relevance. 2019.

Published

2024-05-21

How to Cite

Seremeti, L., & Kougias, I. (2024). The AI spectrum under the doctrine of necessity: Towards the flexibility of the future legal praxis. Computing and Artificial Intelligence, 2(1), 1258. https://doi.org/10.59400/cai.v2i1.1258

Download Citation

Issue

Vol. 2 No. 1 (2024)

Section

Article

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Editor-in-Chief

Prof. Shaohua Wan
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, China

eISSN

3029-2786

Publication Frequency

Semi-annual

About the Publisher

Academic Publishing insists on taking academic exchange and publication as the main line, carrying out comprehensive management based on science and technology, and fully exploring excellent international publishing resources. Within 5 years, it will form a strategic framework and scale with science (S), technology (T), medicine (M), education (E), and humanities and arts (H) as the main publishing fields. Academic Publishing is headquartered in Singapore and based in Malaysia, with the United States and China providing the main scientific and academic resources. At the same time, it has established long-term good cooperative relations with other publishing companies, scientific research communities, and academic organizations in more than a dozen countries and regions. Academic Publishing uses English and Chinese as its main publishing languages, mainly publishing books, journals, and conference papers in print and online. The vast majority of publications follow the international open access policy, providing stable and long-term quality and professional publications. With the joint efforts of the expert team and our professional editorial team, our publications will gradually be indexed by international databases in stages to provide convenient and professional retrieval for various scholars. At the same time, manuscripts we accept will be subject to the peer review principle, and cutting-edge and innovative research articles will be preferentially accepted for peer reference and discussion. All kinds of our publications are welcome for peer to contribute, access, and download.

more

Volume Arrangement

2025

2024

2023

Featured Articles

Identifying voices using convolution neural network models AlexNet and ResNet

Deep learning (DL) techniques which implement deep neural networks became popular due to the increase of high-performance computing facilities. DL achieves higher power and flexibility due to its ability to process many features when it deals with unstructured data. DL algorithm passes the data through several layers; each layer is capable of extracting features progressively and passes it to the next layer. Initial layers extract low-level features, and succeeding layers combine features to form a complete representation. This research attempts to utilize DL techniques for identifying sounds. The development in DL models has extensively covered classification and verification of objects through images. However, there have not been any notable findings concerning identification and verification of the voice of an individual from different other individuals using DL techniques. Hence, the proposed research aims to develop DL techniques capable of isolating the voice of an individual from a group of other sounds and classify them based on the use of convolutional neural networks models AlexNet and ResNet, that are used in voice identification. We achieved the classification accuracy of ResNet and AlexNet model for the problem of voice identification is 97.2039 % and 65.95% respectively, in which ResNet model achieves the best result.

Revolutionizing Neurosurgery and Neurology: The transformative impact of artificial intelligence in healthcare

The integration of artificial intelligence (AI) has brought about a paradigm shift in the landscape of Neurosurgery and Neurology, revolutionizing various facets of healthcare. This article meticulously explores seven pivotal dimensions where AI has made a substantial impact, reshaping the contours of patient care, diagnostics, and treatment modalities. AI’s exceptional precision in deciphering intricate medical imaging data expedites accurate diagnoses of neurological conditions. Harnessing patient-specific data and genetic information, AI facilitates the formulation of highly personalized treatment plans, promising more efficacious therapeutic interventions. The deployment of AI-powered robotic systems in neurosurgical procedures not only ensures surgical precision but also introduces remote capabilities, mitigating the potential for human error. Machine learning models, a core component of AI, play a crucial role in predicting disease progression, optimizing resource allocation, and elevating the overall quality of patient care. Wearable devices integrated with AI provide continuous monitoring of neurological parameters, empowering early intervention strategies for chronic conditions. AI’s prowess extends to drug discovery by scrutinizing extensive datasets, offering the prospect of groundbreaking therapies for neurological disorders. The realm of patient engagement witnesses a transformative impact through AI-driven chatbots and virtual assistants, fostering increased adherence to treatment plans. Looking ahead, the horizon of AI in Neurosurgery and Neurology holds promises of heightened personalization, augmented decision-making, early intervention, and the emergence of innovative treatment modalities. This narrative is one of optimism and collaboration, depicting a synergistic partnership between AI and healthcare professionals to propel the field forward and significantly enhance the lives of individuals grappling with neurological challenges. This article provides an encompassing view of AI’s transformative influence in Neurosurgery and Neurology, highlighting its potential to redefine the landscape of patient care and outcomes.

Enhancing user experience in large language models through human-centered design: Integrating theoretical insights with an experimental study to meet diverse software learning needs with a single document knowledge base

This paper begins with a theoretical exploration of the rise of large language models (LLMs) in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), their impact on user experience (HX) and related challenges. It then discusses the benefits of Human-Centered Design (HCD) principles and the possibility of their application within LLMs, subsequently deriving six specific HCD guidelines for LLMs. Following this, a preliminary experiment is presented as an example to demonstrate how HCD principles can be employed to enhance user experience within GPT by using a single document input to GPT’s Knowledge base as new knowledge resource to control the interactions between GPT and users, aiming to meet the diverse needs of hypothetical software learners as much as possible. The experimental results demonstrate the effect of different elements’ forms and organizational methods in the document, as well as GPT’s relevant configurations, on the interaction effectiveness between GPT and software learners. A series of trials are conducted to explore better methods to realize text and image displaying, and jump action. Two template documents are compared in the aspects of the performances of the four interaction modes. Through continuous optimization, an improved version of the document was obtained to serve as a template for future use and research.

Clustering data analytics of urban land use for change detection

In this study, the author proposes and details a workflow for the spatial-temporal demarcation of urban areal features in 8 cities of Tamilnadu, India. During the inception phase, functional requirements and non-functional parameters are analyzed and designed, within a suitable pixel area and object-oriented derived paradigm. Land use categories are defined from OpenStreetMap (OSM) related works with the scope of conducting climate change, using multispectral sensors onboard Landsat series. Furthermore, we augment the bands dataset with Spatially Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT), Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Difference Built-Up Index (NDBI), Leaf Area Index (LAI), and Texture base indices, as a means of spatially integrating auto-covariance to stationarity patterns. In doing so, change detection can be pursuit by scaling up the segmentation of regional/zonal boundaries in a multi-dimensional environment, with the aid of Wide Area Networks (WAN) cluster computers such as the BEOWULF/Google Earth Engine clusters. GeoAnalytical measures are analyzed in the design of local and zonal spatial models (GRID, RASTER, DEM, IMAGE COLLECTION). Finally, multi variate geostatistical works are ensued for precision and recall in predictive data analytics. The author proposes reusing machine learning tools (filtering by attribute-based indexing in PaaS clouds) for pattern recognition and visualization of features and feature collection.

Application of computer vision in livestock and crop production—A review

Nowadays, it is a challenge for farmers to produce healthier food for the world population and save land resources. Recently, the integration of computer vision technology in field and crop production ushered in a new era of innovation and efficiency. Computer vision, a subfield of artificial intelligence, leverages image and video analysis to extract meaningful information from visual data. In agriculture, this technology is being utilized for tasks ranging from disease detection and yield prediction to animal health monitoring and quality control. By employing various imaging techniques, such as drones, satellites, and specialized cameras, computer vision systems are able to assess the health and growth of crops and livestock with unprecedented accuracy. The review is divided into two parts: Livestock and Crop Production giving the overview of the application of computer vision applications within agriculture, highlighting its role in optimizing farming practices and enhancing agricultural productivity.