Open Access

Article

Article ID: 4181

Predictive model for students’ academic performance using machine learning approach

by Wadzani Aduwamai Gadzama, Ogah Stephen Ugbowu, Lucy Bulus Dalhatu

Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Vol.4, No.1, 2026;

The early prediction of students' academic performance using machine learning has emerged as a valuable approach for identifying at-risk learners and enabling timely intervention. Many factors, such as students' academic background, prior performance, institutional policies, and learning environment, influence educational outcomes; their complex interplay remains inadequately understood in many contexts. This study aimed to explore the effectiveness of machine learning algorithms in predicting students' academic performance at Adamawa State University, Mubi, Adamawa State, Nigeria. This study used 1,730 datasets from the academic records of first-year students from the Faculty of Science for the 2024/2025 academic session. The study split the datasets into 80% training and 20% for testing. Data were analysed using the Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (Weka) and Python. The model was evaluated using students' cumulative grade point averages (CGPAs) from the academic session results. The machine learning algorithms used were Logistic Regression (LR), Random Forest (RF), Decision Trees (DT), Naïve Bayesian (NB), and Support Vector Machines (SVM). Experimental results based on various performance metrics indicate that the SVM model achieved the best result with an accuracy of 0.92, precision of 0.92, recall of 0.93, and F1-score of 0.93. The results revealed that the SVM approach outperforms individual benchmark methods and provides robust insight into factors that determine academic success. The findings offer evidence-based guidance for educators, departments, faculties, institutional management, and policymakers to design targeted interventions to improve learning outcomes.

Open Access

Article

Article ID: 4104

Performance evaluation of B-Tree and hash indexing under varying data sizes in relational database systems

by Hassan Bediar Hashim

Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Vol.4, No.1, 2026;

This study investigates query performance optimization in relational database management systems (RDBMSs) by evaluating two common indexing techniques, B-Tree and Hash indexing, under varying dataset sizes. With the rapid growth of data generated by IoT systems, enterprise applications, and digital services, efficient query execution has become essential for maintaining scalability and system performance. The research compares three database configurations: no indexing, B-Tree indexing, and Hash indexing, while applying a Cost-Based Optimization (CBO) strategy to improve query plan selection. Experimental results reveal that query response time increases significantly with larger datasets, especially when no indexing is used. Both indexing methods substantially enhance performance compared to full-table scans, achieving improvements ranging from 35% to 60% depending on dataset size and query workload. The measured speedup factors reached up to 2.60×, confirming the effectiveness of indexing in reducing execution time. Further analysis indicates that B-Tree indexing consistently performs better than Hash indexing in large-scale and mixed-query environments due to its logarithmic search efficiency and support for range queries. B-Tree indexing reduced execution time to nearly 40–45% of the baseline, whereas Hash indexing achieved approximately 55–60% under similar conditions. The findings emphasize that selecting an appropriate indexing strategy is critical for optimizing database query performance, and that the effectiveness of each method depends largely on workload characteristics and dataset scale.

Open Access

Review

Article ID: 3991

Image processing techniques for detection of objects in blurry pictures: A comprehensive review

by Ghassan Abdullah Abdulwasea Al-Maamari, Mubarak Mohammed Al-Ezzi Sufyan, Ramzi Hamid Abdo Al-Jaberi, Mokhtar H. Al-Sarori, Mahfoudh Al-Asaly, Asma’a Khalil Alkershi

Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Vol.4, No.1, 2026;

Detecting objects in blurry and degraded images remains a critical unsolved challenge in computer vision, affecting applications from medical diagnostics and autonomous navigation to remote sensing and surveillance. Image degradation caused by motion, defocus, poor lighting, or environmental factors severely compromises feature visibility and limits the performance of conventional detection algorithms. This paper presents a comprehensive, systematic review of state-of-the-art techniques designed to address this problem. We first categorize common image degradations and analyze classical and deep learning-based solutions for image deblurring and enhancement, including CNN (Convolutional Neural Networks), GAN (Generative Adversarial Networks), and transformer architectures. The review then critically examines object detection models, particularly YOLO (You Only Look Once) and CNN-based networks, adapted for low-quality inputs. A key focus is on integrated pipelines that jointly optimize restoration and detection. We synthesize findings from over 200 studies, highlighting performance across diverse domains such as UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) imagery, underwater exploration, and medical analysis. Furthermore, we discuss standard datasets and evaluation metrics, identify persistent challenges including real-time processing, multi-degradation handling, and domain adaptation, and outline promising research directions. This review serves as a foundational resource for researchers and practitioners aiming to build robust vision systems for real-world, blur-prone environments.

Open Access

Article

Article ID: 3958

From calculators to artificial intelligence: A multi-level framework for technology adoption and resistance in education and organisations

by Michael Mncedisi Willie

Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Vol.4, No.1, 2026;

Technological innovations are frequently associated with enhanced efficiency and improved decision-making; however, their initial adoption has often been characterised by notable resistance. This study examined the persistence of this phenomenon by synthesising empirical evidence from the historical adoption of calculators, spreadsheets, and statistical software, and by comparing these insights with contemporary developments in artificial intelligence (AI). The findings indicated that resistance extended beyond technical limitations and reflected a complex, multi-dimensional process shaped by individual factors such as self-efficacy, perceived usefulness, and anxieties related to skill displacement as well as organisational culture and broader systemic conditions. The evidence further demonstrated that successful adoption was contingent upon structured support mechanisms, incremental exposure to new technologies, and the clear articulation of value propositions. At the organisational level, effective leadership, adequate resource allocation, and coherent policy alignment emerged as critical enablers of sustained integration. Drawing on these insights, the study proposed a multi-level conceptual framework that integrates individual, organisational, and systemic determinants to guide future technology adoption. The framework underscores that meaningful and sustainable integration depends on coordinated, cross-level interventions rather than isolated initiatives. The framework also highlights the need for further empirical research into AI adoption in under-resourced contexts. It calls for critical engagement with the ethical implications of algorithmic decision-making in evolving socio-technical systems.

Open Access

Review

Article ID: 4296

From bench to field: A systematic review of computer vision for tomato detection in precision agriculture (2018–2025)

by Philippe Lyonel Mbouembe Touko, Guoxu Liu

Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Vol.3, No.4, 2025;

Accurate tomato detection enables robotic harvesting, crop yield estimation, and tomato quality control, among other agricultural tasks. Despite remarkable advances in computer vision, particularly YOLO models, a significant gap persists between laboratory research and field deployment. This PRISMA-guided review of 110 publications (2018-2025) analyzes the disparity between lab-tested model performance and reliable real-world performance in this context. To quantify current capabilities, we construct a taxonomy based on the sensing platform, task, and environment. Across the reviewed literature, the mean average precision has increased from 78.3% for YOLOv3 to 94.7% for YOLOv11, while a controlled benchmarking study on an identical dataset (LaboroTomato) reveals smaller differences. However, tomato detection performance significantly drops in deployment, with a mean cross-domain performance loss of 8.24% due to occlusion, illumination changes, and weather conditions. Our reproducibility audit shows that most research lacks protocols for model development and that 12% releases make their public code available. Finally, 73% of high-accuracy models have requirements above the popular edge-device sizes commonly used in agricultural robotics. To bridge this implementation gap, we outline: 1) reporting guidelines to promote reproducibility, 2) decision frameworks to translate pragmatic agricultural considerations into concrete technical specifications, and 3) open research directions centered on reliability, cross-domain validation, and real-world deployment. This survey will support practitioners in agriculture, robotics, and machine learning design, deployable computer vision systems for tomatoes and other crops.

Open Access

Article

Article ID: 3893

Verifying artificial intelligence-generated images: Socio-technical approaches to authenticity

by Michael Mncedisi Willie

Computing and Artificial Intelligence, Vol.3, No.4, 2025;

The rapid proliferation of artificial intelligence (AI) has transformed visual media, enabled highly realistic AI-generated images, and raised ethical, social, and security concerns. Generative artificial intelligence (Generative AI) architectures, including Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs), Variational Autoencoders (VAEs), and diffusion models, allow content creation that is increasingly indistinguishable from human-made visuals, facilitating creativity, education, and communication. However, these capabilities also introduce risks of manipulation, identity fraud, misinformation, and deepfake attacks across social, political, corporate, academic, and humanitarian domains. This study investigates AI image verification as a socio-technical response to synthetic visuals, focusing on social media, artistic, and forensic contexts. It employed a qualitative design combining thematic literature review and case study analysis. Thematic analysis identified patterns in verification approaches, including pixel-level analysis, metadata forensics, machine learning classifiers, watermarking, and blockchain-enabled methods. Case studies explored real-world applications, highlighting perceptual biases, strategic use of synthetic content, and governance and digital literacy challenges. Findings reveal that human perception alone is insufficient for reliably discerning authenticity, with individuals frequently misclassifying AI-generated images as real. Integrating machine learning, metadata analysis, and blockchain verification, hybrid technical approaches significantly improve detection accuracy. Socio-technical factors, including platform policies, ethical norms, organisational governance, and user literacy, shape the effectiveness of verification methods. The study presents a conceptual framework linking technological, organisational, and societal dimensions, emphasising the need for coordinated strategies that combine algorithmic innovation, regulatory oversight, and public engagement. Practical implications include deploying hybrid verification systems, strengthening governance and ethical standards, enhancing digital literacy, and fostering cross-disciplinary collaboration to safeguard trust, authenticity, and integrity in digital media.