Nonlinear vibration of thin-walled box beams incorporating axial displacement, torsion distortion and secondary torsion
Abstract
In this paper, the boundary element method for nonlinear vibration of thin-walled box beams is established, including axial displacement, torsion, distortion, and quadratic torsion. The thin-walled box girders are subjected to conservative dynamic torsional and warping moments that are arbitrarily distributed or concentrated along the length direction. Its control differential equations and boundary conditions are represented by torsion, distortion, and secondary torsional deformation. Its nonlinear terms show strong coupling. The coupling effects of axial displacement, torsion, distortion, and quadratic torsion deformation are fully considered, and the vibration analysis is carried out, respectively, in the state of buckling or post-buckling. The nonlinear differential algebraic equations can be obtained by using the simulation equation method based on the initial boundary value problem, and solved by using an effective time-discrete scheme. In addition, it is proven by two examples that the nonlinear term has a great influence on the torsional moment and the mode of the thin-walled box girder under free vibration. Large torsional rotations increase the torsional stiffness of the thin-walled box beam, ultimately leading to a higher natural frequency. Although the influence of the distortion moment is not as good as that of the torsion moment, it cannot be ignored. The axial inertia term has an obvious influence on the axial stress.
Copyright (c) 2026 Minyao Tan, Dequan Guo, Bo Liu, Yu Liu

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
[1]Rozmarynowski B, Szymczak C. Non-linear free torsional vibrations of thin-walled beams with bisymmetric cross-section. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 1984; 97(1): 145–152. doi: 10.1016/0022-460X(84)90475-9
[2]Ladevèze P, Simmonds J. New concepts for linear beam theory with arbitrary geometry and loading. European Journal of Mechanics - A/Solids. 1998; 17(3): 377–402. doi: 10.1016/S0997-7538(98)80051-X
[3]ADINA R&D, Inc. Theory and Modelling Guided, Volume I. ADINA R&D, Inc; 2009.
[4]Przemieniecki JS. Theory of Matrix Structural Analysis. McGraw-Hill Book Co; 1968.
[5]Bathe K, Chaudhary A. On the displacement formulation of torsion of shafts with rectangular cross‐sections. International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering. 1982; 18(10): 1565–1568. doi: 10.1002/nme.1620181010
[6]Sapountzakis EJ, Tsipiras VJ, Argyridi AK. Torsional vibration analysis of bars including secondary torsional shear deformation effect by the boundary element method. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 2015; 355: 208–231. doi: 10.1016/j.jsv.2015.04.032
[7]Sapountzakis EJ, Mokos VG. Dynamic analysis of 3-D beam elements including warping and shear deformation effects. International Journal of Solids and Structures. 2006; 43(22–23): 6707–6726. doi: 10.1016/j.ijsolstr.2006.02.004
[8]Sapountzakis EJ, Tsipiras VJ. Nonlinear nonuniform torsional vibrations of bars by the boundary element method. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 2010; 329(10): 1853–1874. doi: 10.1016/j.jsv.2009.11.035
[9]Sapountzakis EJ, Dikaros IC. Non-linear flexural–torsional dynamic analysis of beams of arbitrary cross section by BEM. International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics. 2011; 46(5): 782–794. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2011.02.012
[10]Sina SA, Haddadpour H, Navazi HM. Nonlinear free vibrations of thin-walled beams in torsion. Acta Mechanica. 2012; 223(10): 2135–2151. doi: 10.1007/s00707-012-0688-y
[11]Sina SA, Haddadpour H. Axial–torsional vibrations of rotating pretwisted thin walled composite beams. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. 2014; 80: 93–101. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2013.12.018
[12]Lee SJ, Park KS. Vibrations of Timoshenko beams with isogeometric approach. Applied Mathematical Modelling. 2013; 37(22): 9174–9190. doi: 10.1016/j.apm.2013.04.034
[13]Stoykov S, Ribeiro P. Non-linear vibrations of beams with non-symmetrical cross sections. International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics. 2013; 55: 153–169. doi: 10.1016/j.ijnonlinmec.2013.04.015
[14]Ferradi MK, Cespedes X. A new beam element with transversal and warping eigenmodes. Computers & Structures. 2014; 131: 12–33. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruc.2013.10.001
[15]Yoon K, Lee P-S, Kim D-N. Geometrically nonlinear finite element analysis of functionally graded 3D beams considering warping effects. Composite Structures. 2015; 132: 1231–1247. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.07.024
[16]Moaveni S. Finite Element Analysis: Theory and Application with ANSYS, 5th ed. Publishing House of Electronics Industry; 2021.
[17]Murin J, Goga V, Aminbaghai M, et al. Measurement and modelling of torsional warping free vibrations of beams with rectangular hollow cross-sections. Engineering Structures. 2017; 136: 68–76. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2016.12.037
[18]Campo-Rumoroso I, Ramos-Gutiérrez ÓR, Cambronero-Barrientos F. Distortion analysis of horizontally curved trapezoidal box girder bridges. Engineering Structures. 2023; 282: 115798. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.115798
[19]Pavazza R, Matoković A, Vukasović M. A theory of torsion of thin-walled beams of arbitrary open sections with influence of shear. Mechanics Based Design of Structures and Machines. 2022; 50(1): 206–241. doi: 10.1080/15397734.2020.1714449
[20]Wang C, Wang Y. Influence of distortion ratio on distortion-induced fatigue behavior of steel girder bridges. Thin-Walled Structures. 2023; 188: 110790. doi: 10.1016/j.tws.2023.110790
[21]Wang C, Wu Y, Zhang Y, et al. Distortion Effect on the UHPC Box Girder with Vertical Webs: Theoretical Analysis and Case Study. Materials. 2024; 17(6): 1303. doi: 10.3390/ma17061303
[22]Wang C, Shi M, Huang J, et al. An innovative deformation coordination method for analyzing distortion effects on box girders. Scientific Reports. 2024; 14(1): 19854. doi: 10.1038/s41598-024-69130-y
[23]Dikaros IC, Sapountzakis EJ, Argyridi AK. Generalized warping effect in the dynamic analysis of beams of arbitrary cross section. Journal of Sound and Vibration. 2016; 369: 119–146. doi: 10.1016/j.jsv.2016.01.022
[24]Sapountzakis EJ. Torsional vibrations of composite bars of variable cross-section by BEM. Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering. 2005; 194(18–20): 2127–2145. doi: 10.1016/j.cma.2004.07.021
[25]Argyridi AK, Sapountzakis EJ. Advanced analysis of arbitrarily shaped axially loaded beams including axial warping and distortion. Thin-Walled Structures. 2019; 134: 127–147. doi: 10.1016/j.tws.2018.08.019
[26]Balch CD, Steele CR. Asymptotic Solutions for Warping and Distortion of Thin-Walled Box Beams. Journal of Applied Mechanics. 1987; 54(1): 165–173. doi: 10.1115/1.3172953
[27]Boswell LF, Li Q. Consideration of the relationships between torsion, distortion and warping of thin-walled beams. Thin-Walled Structures. 1995; 21(2): 147–161. doi: 10.1016/0263-8231(94)00030-4
[28]Wang Z. Optimization methods for the distortion of thin-walled box girders and investigation of distortion effects. Scientific Reports. 2023; 13(1): 19166. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-46478-1
[29]Tan M, Cheng W. Non-linear lateral buckling analysis of unequal thickness thin-walled box beam under an eccentric load. Thin-Walled Structures. 2019; 139: 77–90. doi: 10.1016/j.tws.2019.02.028
[30]Tan M, Guo D, Yang Q, et al. In-plane and out-of-plane free vibration analysis of thin-walled box beams based on one-dimensional higher-order beam theory. Mechanics of Advanced Materials and Structures. 2024; 31(22): 5638–5652. doi: 10.1080/15376494.2023.2218049
[31]Saoula A, Meftah SA. Effect of Shear and Distortion Deformations on Lateral Buckling Resistance of Box Elements in the Framework of Eurocode 3. International Journal of Steel Structures. 2019; 19(4): 1302–1316. doi: 10.1007/s13296-019-00211-9
[32]Cambronero-Barrientos F, Díaz-del-Valle J, Martínez-Martínez J-A. Beam element for thin-walled beams with torsion, distortion, and shear lag. Engineering Structures. 2017; 143: 571–588. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2017.04.020
[33]Arici M, Granata MF, Longo G. Symplectic analysis of thin-walled curved box girders with torsion, distortion and shear lag warping effects. Thin-Walled Structures. 2022; 175: 109244. doi: 10.1016/j.tws.2022.109244
[34]Li X, Li L, Zhou M, et al. Refined beam finite element model for thin-walled multi-cell box girders considering distortion and secondary distortional moment deformation effect. Engineering Structures. 2024; 298: 117042. doi: 10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.117042
[35]Fan Y-H, She G-L. Nonlinear transient response of graphene platelets reinforced metal foams beam considering initial geometrical imperfection and viscoelastic elastic foundation. Computers and Concrete. 2025; 35(1): 59–70. doi: 10.12989/CAC.2025.35.1.059
[36]Zhao Y, Yuan K, Qin B, et al. A fast polynomial-FE method for the vibration of the composite laminate quadrilateral plates and shells based on the segmentation strategy. Composite Structures. 2024; 338: 118035. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2024.118035
[37]Zhao Y, Wang Z, Yang Z, et al. A unified hybrid Ritz-SEA acoustic vibration coupling method of a rectangular plate coupled with fast multipole boundary integration. Composite Structures. 2024; 328: 117650. doi: 10.1016/j.compstruct.2023.117650
[38]Mokos VG, Sapountzakis EJ. Secondary torsional moment deformation effect by BEM. International Journal of Mechanical Sciences. 2011; 53(10): 897–909. doi: 10.1016/j.ijmecsci.2011.08.001




