Research progress on insertion loss measurement and effective sound pressure level prediction models of hearing protectors under high-intensity impulse noise

  • Yuanyuan Song Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100054, China
  • Zhuowei Chen Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing 100054, China
Article ID: 3723
DOI: https://doi.org/10.59400/sv3723
Keywords: auditory hazard, hearing protectors, impulse noise, insertion loss, prediction models

Abstract

Impulse noise, characterized by extremely high peak levels, rapid rise times, and very short durations, poses a far greater risk to hearing than continuous noise of comparable energy. Conventional assessment methods developed for steady-state exposures often underestimate the hazard of such impulses, creating a need for models and measurement approaches that accurately predict effective sound pressure levels behind hearing protectors. This review synthesizes current knowledge on impulse noise characteristics, laboratory and field measurement techniques, and prediction models designed for hearing protector evaluation. Evidence indicates that energy-equivalent metrics such as A-weighted equivalent levels are insufficient for impulse conditions. Parametric models that include peak level and duration, frequency-dependent approaches that emphasize spectral distribution and waveform statistics, and biophysical algorithms that simulate auditory responses offer progressively greater predictive accuracy. Recent hybrid frameworks, supported by computational modelling, machine learning, and wearable dosimetry, represent promising directions for integrating laboratory precision with field relevance. When applied to hearing protectors, prediction models reveal both their strengths and limitations. Laboratory studies confirm substantial attenuation under controlled conditions, but nonlinear protector behaviour and fit variability reduce reliability in real-world use. Field data demonstrate that cumulative and waveform-sensitive metrics align more closely with observed auditory outcomes than peak-only criteria. The findings underscore the importance of developing harmonized standards and adopting advanced prediction frameworks. Such progress is essential for improving hearing conservation strategies in military, industrial, and other high-risk environments.

Published
2025-08-30
How to Cite
Song, Y., & Chen, Z. (2025). Research progress on insertion loss measurement and effective sound pressure level prediction models of hearing protectors under high-intensity impulse noise. Sound & Vibration, 59(4), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.59400/sv3723
Issue
Vol. 59 No. 4 (2025)
Section
Review

Copyright (c) 2025 Yuanyuan Song, Zhuowei Chen

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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