Open Access

Review

Article ID: 1254

Recent progress in Nanomaterial based biosensors for the detection of cancer biomarkers in human fluids

by Razu Shahazi, Amirul Islam Saddam, Md Rakibul Islam, Mohammed Muzibur Rahman, Giti Paimard, Ajoy Kumer, Md. Mahmud Alam, Md. Kawsar Mahamud

Nano Carbons, Vol.2, No.2, 2024; 380 Views, 157 PDF Downloads

Cancer is a global health challenge, and early detection is crucial for effective treatment to improve patient outcomes. In recent years, nanomaterial-based biosensors have emerged as powerful tools for the detection of cancer biomarkers in human fluids. This article highlights the recent progress in biosensor technology for the detection of cancer biomarkers, focusing on advancements in sensitivity, selectivity, multiplexed detection, liquid biopsies, point-of-care testing, wearable biosensors, and integration with artificial intelligence (AI). Recent advancements have significantly improved the sensitivity and selectivity of biosensors, allowing for the detection of low concentrations of cancer biomarkers in complex biological samples. Novel sensing technologies, such as nanomaterial-based sensors and aptamer-based sensors, have played a crucial role in enhancing biosensor performance. Multiplexed biosensors have the ability to simultaneously detect multiple cancer biomarkers, providing comprehensive diagnostic information. This capability is particularly valuable for accurate cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Liquid biopsies, which involve the detection of cancer biomarkers in circulating tumor cells, cell-free DNA, or exosomes present in body fluids, have gained considerable attention. Biosensors have played a pivotal role in the development of liquid biopsy technologies, offering non-invasive and real-time monitoring of cancer progression, treatment response, and the emergence of drug resistance. The integration of biosensors with AI algorithms has shown great potential. AI can analyze and interpret biosensor data, identifying patterns, correlations, and biomarker signatures that may be difficult to detect with traditional methods.

Open Access

Review

Article ID: 1297

Cumulative quantum mechanics—Quantum-size effects for: Nano-, angstrom- and femto-technologies

by P. I. Vysikaylo

Nano Carbons, Vol.2, No.1, 2024; 65 Views, 34 PDF Downloads

The leading laboratories continue intensive research into the properties of nanocomposites. Along with the discovery of new materials, new technologies are being developed, and attempts are being made to create mathematical models capable of describing phenomena in hollow quantum resonators—quantum dots, lines, and other cumulative-dissipative 3D structures of nanometer dimensions. New models make it possible to develop new materials, discover new patterns, and solve old fundamental problems in new ways. The author has discovered and classified more than 32 polarization quantum-size effects. We can explain all the quantum-size effects that we have discovered only by applying the fundamentals of cumulative quantum mechanics (CQM). These quantum size effects led to the discovery of the principles of physical doping and the classification of doping into physical and chemical doping. During physical doping, the modification of the properties of the nanocomposite is carried out with the help of nanostructures of foreign material, which have a high affinity for free electrons. In this case, the fractions of foreign material do not penetrate into the crystal lattice. A dopant with a high affinity for free electrons is charged with a negative charge, while a doped nanocrystal is charged with a positive charge. Therefore, physical doping of nanocomposites leads to the generation of electric fields that act as catalysts for various reactions, contribute to the strengthening of nanocomposites by Coulomb’s compression, increase the luminescent properties of phosphors, increase conductivity up to 10 10 times, and other properties due to quantum size effects due to local violation of electrical neutrality. We used QCM to explain similar phenomena in the nano-, angstrom-, and femto-world of cumulative-dissipative structures. Based on experiments and QCM, we analyzed the processes: pulsation of electric fields in quantum resonators, partial collapse of the ψ -functions, expanded Dirac's claim about the limits of a ψ -function, and detailed the problem of the dualism in quantum mechanics—wave-particle at femtosecond times.

Open Access

Article

Article ID: 1253

Numerical calculations of displacements in aluminum alloy 356.0, copper alloy C93200 and grade G4000 discs depending on temperature

by Hüseyin Fırat Kayiran

Nano Carbons, Vol.2, No.1, 2024; 66 Views, 34 PDF Downloads

The behavior of temperatures is very important from the point of view of materials science. Each material has its own unique identity, and the resistance they show to temperature is different. They may vary depending on the areas of use on disks. In this study, the displacements occurring in disks consisting of three different materials were calculated by means of a mathematical program. Aluminum alloy A356.0-T6 and 356.0 area are composed of 7% Si, 0.2 Fe (max), 0.10 Zn (max), and 0.3% Mg alloy. Copper alloy C93200 (bearing bronze) consists of 85% to 8% Pb and Sn 6.5% and other materials. Grade G4000 is composed of iron (Fe) 94.5%, carbon 3.3%, silicon 1.7%, and other materials. The obtained stresses were compared among themselves and decoupled by means of graphs. In this study, the effect of temperature on displacement was investigated. At the end of the study: Displacements occurring on the disk generally occurred most often on the disk with aluminum alloy 356.0 material. In turn, it is thought that the result can already be expressed as grade G4000 and copper alloy C93200 (bearing bronze) towards the minimum.

Open Access

Article

Article ID: 1142

Resistance of HVOF-Sprayed Cr3C2-25NiCr and WC-10CO-4Cr coatings to cavitation and erosion by mud jetting

by Androw D. H., Ratchagaraja Dhairiyasamy

Nano Carbons, Vol.2, No.1, 2024; 167 Views, 70 PDF Downloads

This study investigates chromium carbide-based coating material’s cavitation and erosion resistance with 25% nickel-chromium. (Cr 3 C 2 -25NiCr) and tungsten carbide coating with 10% cobalt and 4% chromium (WC-10CO-4Cr) coatings deposited by high-velocity oxygen fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying. The coatings were characterized by microstructure, porosity, hardness, and fracture toughness. Cavitation tests were performed in distilled water and water-sand mixtures to assess the synergistic effect of erosion and cavitation. Erosion tests were conducted using a mud jet at different impact angles (30°, 60°, 90°). The Cr 3 C 2 -25NiCr coating exhibited higher cavitation resistance due to its higher fracture toughness and lower porosity. However, the WC-10CO-4Cr coating showed superior erosion resistance, attributed to its finer and more homogeneously distributed carbides. The dominant wear mechanisms were micro grooving, carbide detachment, and cracking. The impact angle significantly influenced the erosion rates, with ductile materials like CA6NM steel being more susceptible at lower angles, while brittle coatings showed the opposite behavior. The findings highlight the importance of coating properties and test conditions on the wear performance, providing valuable insights for selecting suitable coatings for hydropower applications.

Open Access

Article

Article ID: 299

The study of ideal/defected graphene nanosheet roughness after atomic deposition process: Molecular dynamics simulation

by Sedigheh Bigom Hoseini, Roozbeh Sabetvand

Nano Carbons, Vol.2, No.1, 2024; 101 Views, 90 PDF Downloads

In this work, a molecular dynamics (MD) approach was performed to study the surface roughness of ideal/defected graphene nanosheets after carbon atom deposition at various temperatures and pressures. In our calculations, the atomic interactions of nanostructures are based on TERSOFF and Lennard-Jones potential functions. The results show that the temperature of the simulated structure is an important parameter in the atomic deposition process, and initial temperature enlarges and intensifies the atomic deposition ratio. Numerically, by temperature increasing to 15 K, the surface roughness amplitude increases to 0.98 Å/0.83 Å after atomic deposition in ideal/defected structure. The roughness power in MD simulations converges to 0.64/0.55 in ideal/defected samples at maximum temperature. Furthermore, the pressure effects on the dynamical behavior of simulated samples were reported in our study. We conclude that, by increasing initial pressure from 0 to 2 bar, the surface roughness amplitude in ideal/defected atomic arrangements increases to 1.01 Å/0.84 Å after the deposition process, and the roughness power of simulated structures reaches a larger value. Numerically, by initial pressure setting at 2 bar, the roughness power value converged to 0.72/0.56 in ideal/defected graphene. Reported numeric results in various temperatures and pressures predicted the initial condition can be manipulated in the atomic deposition process in ideal/defected graphene nanostructures.

Open Access

Article

Article ID: 298

The study of multilayer graphene membrane performance in O2 purification process: Molecular dynamics simulation

by Mohammad Pour Panah, Bahman Parvandar Asadollahi, Roozbeh Sabetvand

Nano Carbons, Vol.2, No.1, 2024; 102 Views, 66 PDF Downloads

We use molecular dynamics (MD) method to describe the atomic behavior of Graphene nanostructure for Oxygen molecules (O 2 ) separation from Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) molecules. Technically, for the simulation of graphene-based membrane and O 2 -CO 2 gas mixture, we used Tersoff and DREIDING force fields, respectively. The result of equilibrium process of these structures indicated the good stability of them. Physically, this behavior arises from the appropriate MD simulation settings. Furthermore, to describe the purification performance of graphene-based membrane, we report some physical parameters such as purification value, impurity rate, and permeability of membrane after atomic filtering process. Numerically, by defined membranes optimization, the purification value of them reach to 97.31%. Also, by using these atomic structures the CO 2 impurity which passed from graphene-based membrane reach to zero value.