Smoking as a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD): Contemporary insights into treatment strategies

Frosyna Anagnosti; Dimitra Darahani; Anna Bilali; Dimitrios Chaniotis; Fragkiski Anthouli- Anagnostopoulou; Petros Papagiorgis; Nikolaos Thalassinos

doi:10.59400/apr.v2i1.335

Frosyna Anagnosti Nursing Department, Sotiria Chest Diseases Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
Dimitra Darahani Nursing Department, Sotiria Chest Diseases Hospital of Athens, 11527 Athens, Greece; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
Anna Bilali Independent Researcher, 15771 Athens, Greece
Dimitrios Chaniotis Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
Fragkiski Anthouli- Anagnostopoulou Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
Petros Papagiorgis Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece
Nikolaos Thalassinos Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of West Attica, 12243 Athens, Greece

Ariticle ID: 335

81 Views, 44 PDF Downloads

DOI: https://doi.org/10.59400/apr.v2i1.335

Keywords: coronary heart disease; smoking; morbidity; holistic; treatments; pharmacotherapy

Abstract

Smoking is a powerful risk factor for coronary heart disease, responsible for numerous deaths each year. This qualitative literature review provides contemporary knowledge regarding the relationship between CHD and smoking as well as an evaluation of current treatment approaches. An electronic search was carried out in databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Science Direct to examine and assess academic material during the last 5 years. The results indicate that smoking is connected with CHD in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, especially in the female population. Also, there is an association with alcohol, body weight, and smokeless tobacco. Gender is also a crucial factor in the frequency of smoking, as heavy smokers need more time to lower the danger of CHD in comparison to current smokers. Modern treatment strategies place a lot of focus on pharmacotherapy and holistic treatments.

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