Bipolar fuzzy dominance rough WASPAS approach for AI-based radar evaluation
Abstract
The selection of an AI-based radar system to detect drones is a multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) problem with many conflicting criteria. Exchanges between positive and negative aspects of each radar system in uncertain and incomplete information should be assessed by decision-makers. The traditional MCDM models are usually not effective in dealing with such complexities, especially when both positive and negative aspects are involved, and comparative reasoning is needed (dominance). In order to address these shortcomings, this article suggests an advanced model using the bipolar fuzzy dominance rough set (BFDRS) approach. The suggested method combines fuzzy logic to deal with uncertainty, dominance-based rough sets to model preferences, and bipolar fuzzy sets to manage dual-natured assessments. In order to operationalize the framework, we propose two new aggregation operators, namely bipolar fuzzy dominance rough dombi averaging (BFDRDA) and bipolar fuzzy dominance rough dombi geometric (BFDRDG), to combine expert opinions in the context of multiple criteria successfully. After that, we develop an MCDM methodology, which is the WASPAS method, within the framework of BFDRS, to prioritize AI radar alternatives in the presence of uncertainty. An extensive case study proves the relevance of the suggested model, and a comparative analysis with the currently existing ones proves its strength and higher decision-support abilities in complex and contradictory environments.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muhammad Iftikhar, Ubaid Ur Rehman, Tahir Mahmood

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
[1]Pisa S, Pittella E, Piuzzi E. A survey of radar systems for medical applications. IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine. 2016; 31(11): 64–81. doi: 10.1109/MAES.2016.140167
[2]Long T, Hu C, Wang R, et al. Entomological Radar Overview: System and Signal Processing. IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine. 2020; 35(1): 20–32. doi: 10.1109/MAES.2019.2955575
[3]Rohling H, Moller C. Radar waveform for automotive radar systems and applications. In: Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE Radar Conference; 26–30 May 2008; Rome, Italy. pp. 1–4. doi: 10.1109/RADAR.2008.4721121
[4]Orman AJ, Shahani AK, Moore AR. Modelling for the control of a complex radar system. Computers & Operations Research. 1998; 25(3): 239–249. doi: 10.1016/S0305-0548(97)00047-6
[5]Wellig P, Speirs P, Schuepbach C, et al. Radar Systems and Challenges for C-UAV. In: Proceedings of the 2018 19th International Radar Symposium (IRS); 20–22 June 2018; Bonn, Germany. pp. 1–8. doi: 10.23919/IRS.2018.8448071
[6]Ślesicka A, Ślesicki B, Kawalec A, et al. AI-assisted frequency-modulated continuous wave radar for drone detection near runways: Challenges, trends, and research gaps. Advances in Science and Technology Research Journal. 2025; 19(7): 266–279. doi: 10.12913/22998624/203910
[7]Musa SA, Abdullah RSAR, Sali A, et al. A review of copter drone detection using radar systems. Defence S and T Technical Bulletin. 2019; 12(1): 16–38. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/331920623_A_REVIEW_OF_COPTER_DRONE_DETECTION_USING_RADAR_SYSTEM
[8]Singh R, Nishad DK, Khalid S, et al. A review of the application of fuzzy mathematical algorithm-based approach in autonomous vehicles and drones. International Journal of Intelligent Robotics and Applications. 2025; 9(1): 344–364. doi: 10.1007/s41315-024-00385-4
[9]Volkov A, Stadnichenko V, Yaroshchuk V, et al. Proposals for the implementation of a decision support system for air defence fire control based on fuzzy networks of targets. Systemy Logistyczne Wojsk. 2024; 61(2): 211–228. doi: 10.37055/slw/203558
[10]Sharjeel MU. Detection of Minerals and Hidden Objects in Airports Using Millimeter-Wave Radar (MMW): A MATLAB and AI-Based Approach. Eurasian Journal of Theoretical and Applied Sciences (EJTAS). 2025. 1(2): 16–31. Available online: https://eurasian-journals.com/index.php/etjas/article/download/15/15
[11]Pawlak Z. Rough sets. International Journal of Computer & Information Sciences. 1982; 11(5): 341–356. doi: 10.1007/BF01001956
[12]Pawlak Z. Rough set theory and its applications to data analysis. Cybernetics and Systems. 1998; 29(7): 661–688. doi: 10.1080/019697298125470
[13]Qi Z, Han S, Li J. Applications of generalized rough set theory in evaluation index system of radar anti-jamming performance. Journal of Shanghai Jiaotong University (Science). 2016; 21(2): 151–158. doi: 10.1007/s12204-016-1706-3
[14]Wu Z, Yang Z, Yin Z, et al. A novel RBF neural network for radar emitter recognition based on Rough Sets. Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers. 2012; 35(7): 901–907. doi: 10.1080/02533839.2012.708548
[15]Greco S, Matarazzo B, Slowinski R. Rough sets theory for multicriteria decision analysis. European Journal of Operational Research. 2001; 129(1): 1–47. doi: 10.1016/S0377-2217(00)00167-3
[16]Błaszczyński J, Greco S, Słowiński R. Multi-criteria classification—A new scheme for application of dominance-based decision rules. European Journal of Operational Research. 2007; 181(3): 1030–1044. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2006.03.004
[17]Azar AT, Inbarani HH, Renuga Devi K. Improved dominance rough set-based classification system. Neural Computing and Applications. 2017; 28(8): 2231–2246. doi: 10.1007/s00521-016-2177-z
[18]Chakhar S, Ishizaka A, Labib A, et al. Dominance-based rough set approach for group decisions. European Journal of Operational Research. 2016; 251(1): 206–224. doi: 10.1016/j.ejor.2015.10.060
[19]Zadeh LA. Fuzzy sets. Information and Control. 1965; 8(3): 338–353. doi: 10.1016/S0019-9958(65)90241-X
[20]Mamdani EH, Assilian S. An experiment in linguistic synthesis with a fuzzy logic controller. International Journal of Man-Machine Studies. 1975; 7(1): 1–13. doi: 10.1016/S0020-7373(75)80002-2
[21]Maiers J, Sherif YS. Applications of fuzzy set theory. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. 1985; SMC-15(1): 175–189. doi: 10.1109/TSMC.1985.6313408
[22]Bellman RE, Zadeh LA. Decision-Making in a Fuzzy Environment. Management Science. 1970; 17(4): B-141-B-164. doi: 10.1287/mnsc.17.4.B141
[23]Steimann F. Fuzzy set theory in medicine. Artificial Intelligence in Medicine. 1997; 11(1): 1–7. doi: 10.1016/S0933-3657(97)00019-5
[24]Solonska S, Zhyrnov V. Adaptive Semantic Analysis of Radar Data Using Fuzzy Transform. In: Data-Centric Business and Applications, Lecture Notes on Data Engineering and Communications Technologies. Springer International Publishing; 2021. pp. 157–179. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-43070-2_9
[25]Dubois D, Prade H. Rough fuzzy sets and fuzzy rough sets. International Journal of General Systems. 1990; 17(2–3): 191–209. doi: 10.1080/03081079008935107
[26]Radzikowska AM, Kerre EE. A comparative study of fuzzy rough sets. Fuzzy Sets and Systems. 2002; 126(2): 137–155. doi: 10.1016/S0165-0114(01)00032-X
[27]Yeung DS, Chen D, Tsang ECC, et al. On the generalization of fuzzy rough sets. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems. 2005; 13(3): 343–361. doi: 10.1109/TFUZZ.2004.841734
[28]Yang HL, Li SG, Guo ZL, et al. Transformation of bipolar fuzzy rough set models. Knowledge-Based Systems. 2012; 27: 60–68. doi: 10.1016/j.knosys.2011.07.012
[29]Han Y, Shi P, Chen S. Bipolar-Valued Rough Fuzzy Set and Its Applications to the Decision Information System. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems. 2015; 23(6): 2358–2370. doi: 10.1109/TFUZZ.2015.2423707
[30]Greco S, Matarazzo B, Słowiński R. Fuzzy Set Extensions of the Dominance-Based Rough Set Approach. In: Fuzzy Sets and Their Extensions: Representation, Aggregation and Models, Studies in Fuzziness and Soft Computing. Springer; 2008. pp. 239–261. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-73723-0_13
[31]Sang B, Xu W, Chen H, et al. Active Antinoise Fuzzy Dominance Rough Feature Selection Using Adaptive K-Nearest Neighbors. IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems. 2023; 31(11): 3944–3958. doi: 10.1109/TFUZZ.2023.3272316
[32]Wang G, Jiang H. Fuzzy-Dominance and Its Application in Evolutionary Many Objective Optimization. In: Proceedings of the 2007 International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Security Workshops (CISW 2007); 1 December 2007; Harbin, China. pp. 195–198. doi: 10.1109/CISW.2007.4425478
[33]Mahmood T, Rehman U. A novel approach towards bipolar complex fuzzy sets and their applications in generalized similarity measures. International Journal of Intelligent Systems. 2022; 37(1): 535–567. doi: 10.1002/int.22639
[34]Albaity M, Rehman UU, Mahmood T. Data Source Selection for Integration in Data Sciences via Complex Hesitant Fuzzy Rough Multi-Attribute Decision-Making Method. IEEE Access. 2024; 12: 110146–110159. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3439359
[35]Greco S, Matarazzo B, Słowiński R. Dominance-Based Rough Set Approach as a Proper Way of Handling Graduality in Rough Set Theory. In: Transactions on Rough Sets VII, Lecture Notes in Computer Science. Springer; 2007. pp. 36–52. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-71663-1_3
[36]Zhang WR. (Yin) (Yang) bipolar fuzzy sets. In: Proceedings of the 1998 IEEE International Conference on Fuzzy Systems IEEE World Congress on Computational Intelligence; 4–9 May 1998; Anchorage, AK, USA. pp. 835–840. doi: 10.1109/FUZZY.1998.687599
[37]Alinezhad A, Khalili J. WASPAS Method. In: New Methods and Applications in Multiple Attribute Decision Making (MADM), International Series in Operations Research & Management Science. Springer; 2019. pp. 93–98. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-15009-9_13
[38]Radomska-Zalas A. Application of the WASPAS method in a selected technological process. Procedia Computer Science. 2023; 225: 177–187. doi: 10.1016/j.procs.2023.10.002
[39]Rehman UU, Mahmood T. Identification of feature selection techniques for software defect prediction by using BCF-WASPAS methodology based on Einstein operators. International Journal of Intelligent Computing and Cybernetics. 2025; 18(1): 183–216. doi: 10.1108/IJICC-09-2024-0472
[40]Mahmood T, Emam W, Ahmmad J, et al. Classification of possible solutions regarding business engineering problems by using complex Pythagorean fuzzy rough WASPAS approach. Scientific Reports. 2025; 15(1): 16538. doi: 10.1038/s41598-025-99297-x
[41]Tufail F, Shabir M. The novel WASPAS method for roughness of bipolar fuzzy sets based bipolar fuzzy covering. Physica Scripta. 2024; 99(9): 095204. doi: 10.1088/1402-4896/ad648a
[42]Jaleel A. WASPAS Technique Utilized for Agricultural Robotics System based on Dombi Aggregation Operators under Bipolar Complex Fuzzy Soft Information. Journal of Innovative Research in Mathematical and Computational Sciences. 2022; 1(2): 67–95. Available online: https://jirmcs.agasr.org/index.php/jirmcs/article/view/10
[43]Li D, Wan G, Rong Y. An Enhanced Spherical Cubic fuzzy WASPAS Method and its Application for the Assessment of Service Quality of Crowdsourcing Logistics Platform. Spectrum of Decision Making and Applications. 2026; 3(1): 100–123. doi: 10.31181/sdmap31202641
[44]Cheng H. Extension of the WASPAS model for decision-making with spherical fuzzy sets and its application. International Journal of Fuzzy Systems. 2026; 28(3): 893–904. doi: 10.1007/s40815-025-01993-3
[45]Singh A, Kumar V, Verma P. Sustainable supplier selection in a construction company: a new MCDM method based on dominance-based rough set analysis. Construction Innovation. 2025; 25(2): 328–362. doi: 10.1108/CI-12-2022-0324
[46]Shanthi SA, Preethi R. Analysis of Electrochemical discharge machining by bipolar fuzzy WASPAS method. In: Proceedings of the 2023 Fifth International Conference on Electrical, Computer and Communication Technologies (ICECCT); 22 February 2023; Erode, India. pp. 1–4. doi: 10.1109/ICECCT56650.2023.10179780




