A Delay Mathematical Model to Examine Control Strategies of the Coronavirus Pandemic with an Efficient Approach

  • Awais Ahmad orcid Department of Mathematics, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
  • Muhammad Uzair Awan orcid Department of Mathematics, Government College University, Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
  • Shah Zeb orcid School of Distance Education, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang 11800, Malaysia
  • Baboucarr Ceesay orcid Mathematics Unit, University of The Gambia, Serekunda PO. Box 3530, The Gambia
  • Muhammad Rafiq orcid Department of Mathematics, Namal University, Mianwali 42250, Pakistan
  • Ayesha Kamran orcid Department of Mathematics, University of Management and Technology, Lahore 54770, Pakistan
  • Awais Shaukat orcid Department of Mathematics, Namal University, Mianwali 42250, Pakistan
Article ID: 3703
DOI: https://doi.org/10.59400/adecp3703
Keywords: basic reproductive number; lyapunov function; global stability; existence and uniqueness; non-standard finite difference

Abstract

Most of the countries all over the world are affected by the COVID-19 disease, with many deaths and infected cases. Coronavirus is a viral disease causing a symptoms such as Fever or chills, Dry cough, Shortness of breath, Loss of taste or smell and Headache. Since these variables have a significant impact on the spread of this infection, a delayed pandemic model of coronavirus disease is developed in this work by taking vaccination into account. Further described the positivity and boundedness of the delayed pandemic model. The fixed-point theory result also describes the model’s existence and uniqueness. The Routh-Hurwitz criterion result, the Jacobian matrix, and the Lyapunov functions are used to explain the system’s local and global stability at both disease-free and endemic sites. The next-generation matrix approach, which defined whether or not the disease continues in the population, was used to determine the basic reproductive number. We employ the non-standard finite difference approach, RK-4, and Euler in our numerical analysis. We have shown the consistency of analysis and positivity of the model.The NSFD scheme is more reliable and sufficient as compare to Forward Euler and  scheme.The results of the given model are directly applicable to the health sector, since they allow predicting the outbreak pattern and evaluating the efficiency of interventions. Knowing and planning the impact of delay factors and vaccination strategies on the disease dynamics, health authorities may incorporate specific interventions, minimise the infection peaks, and utilise the resources available in the health system without overloading it.

Published
2025-11-08
How to Cite
Ahmad, A., Uzair Awan, M., Zeb, S., Ceesay, B., Rafiq, M., Kamran, A., & Shaukat, A. (2025). A Delay Mathematical Model to Examine Control Strategies of the Coronavirus Pandemic with an Efficient Approach . Advances in Differential Equations and Control Processes, 32(4). https://doi.org/10.59400/adecp3703
Issue
Vol. 32 No. 4 (2025)
Section
Articles

Copyright (c) 2025 Awais Ahmad, Muhammad Uzair Awan, Shah Zeb, Baboucarr Ceesay, Muhammad Rafiq, Ayesha Kamran, Awais Shaukat

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

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