Differential equation-driven intelligent control: Integrating AI, Quantum computing, and adaptive strategies for next-generation industrial automation

  • Yue Cheng School of Information Engineering, Yango University, Fuzhou 350015, China
  • Cheng-Li Luo School of Information Engineering, Yango University, Fuzhou 350015, China
  • Chen Zhong School of Information Engineering, Yango University, Fuzhou 350015, China
  • Hong Lin School of Information Engineering, Yango University, Fuzhou 350015, China
  • Dragan Marinkovic Fakultät V—Institut für Mechanik, FG Strukturmechanik und Strukturberechnung, Department of Structural Mechanics, Berlin Institute of Technology, D-10623 Berlin, Germany; Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Nis, 18000 Nis, Serbia
  • Ji-Huan He orcid School of Information Engineering, Yango University, Fuzhou 350015, China
Article ID: 3096
Keywords: differential equation-driven control; physics-informed neural networks (PINNs); quantum variational algorithms; symbolic regression; Equations as a Service (EaaS); explainable AI (XAI); self-evolving algorithm

Abstract

The increasing intricacy of industrial systems highlights the inadequacies of conventional control theories in the management of high-dimensional nonlinear dynamics, real-time coupling, and multi-scale modelling. This article introduces a transformative paradigm—differential equation-driven intelligent control—that synergizes artificial intelligence (AI), quantum computing, and adaptive strategies to redefine next-generation industrial automation. The following innovations are at the core of this paradigm: Physics-informed neural networks (PINNs) for solving partial differential equations (PDEs), Quantum-enhanced linear algebra for stochastic differential equation (SDE) optimization, and symbolic regression for automated discovery of fractional-order dynamic models. A case study on flexible robotic arm dynamics demonstrates the tunability of hybrid rigid-flexible systems via fractional-order parameters and adaptive Lyapunov-based control. The concept of Equations as a Service (EaaS) is proposed to democratize access to distributed computational solvers, enabling real-time optimization for applications such as drone swarm coordination and carbon-neutral manufacturing. A number of critical challenges are addressed in this text, including the interpretability of AI (for example, through the use of SHAP-based explainability tools), the reliability of hybrid quantum-classical solvers, and ethical governance frameworks. Through interdisciplinary collaboration, the vision for self-evolving factories by 2030 is outlined—where differential equations autonomously refine parameters using real-time sensor data. Examples include smart grids adapting to renewable energy fluctuations at millisecond scales and robotic assembly lines recalibrating dynamics to mitigate material defects. The overarching objective of this paradigm shift, termed EaaS, is to transition differential equations from their traditional role as static descriptors to that of self-optimizing assets. This transition is expected to lay the foundation for resilient, explainable, and sustainable ecosystems in the era of Industry 5.0.

 

Published
2025-04-24
How to Cite
Cheng, Y., Luo, C.-L., Zhong, C., Lin, H., Marinkovic, D., & He, J.-H. (2025). Differential equation-driven intelligent control: Integrating AI, Quantum computing, and adaptive strategies for next-generation industrial automation. Advances in Differential Equations and Control Processes, 32(1), 3096. https://doi.org/10.59400/adecp3096
Section
Editorial

References

[1]Zhang YR, Anjum N, Tian D, Alsolami AA. Fast and accurate population forecasting with two-scale fractal population dynamics and its application to population economics. Fractals. 2024; 32(5). doi: 10.1142/S0218348X24500828

[2]He CH, Liu HW, Liu C. A fractal-based approach to the mechanical properties of recycled aggregate concretes. Facta Universitatis Series: Mechanical Engineering. 2024; 22(2): 329–342.

[3]Wang H, Zhao J, Ku J, Liu Y. Existence of mild solution for (k,Ψ)-Hilfer fractional Cauchy value problem of Sobolev type. Advances in Differential Equations and Control Processes. 2024; 31(4): 439–472. doi: 10.17654/0974324324024

[4]Sayevand K, Rostami M. Fractional optimal control problems: Optimality conditions and numerical solution. IMA Journal of Mathematical Control and Information. 2018; 35(1): 123–148.

[5]He CH, Liu C. Fractal dimensions of a porous concrete and its effect on the concrete’s strength. Facta Universitatis Series: Mechanical Engineering. 2023; 21(1): 137–150.

[6]De Luca A, Siciliano B. Closed-form dynamic model of planar multilink lightweight robots. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. 1991; 21(4): 826–839. doi: 10.1109/21.108300

[7]Karniadakis GE, Kevrekidis IG. Lu L, et al. Physics-informed machine learning. Nature Reviews Physics. 2021; 3: 422–440. doi: 10.1038/s42254-021-00314-5

[8]Harrigan MP, Sung KJ, Neeley M, et al. Quantum approximate optimization of non-planar graph problems on a planar superconducting processor. Nature Physics. 2021; 17: 332–336. doi: 10.1038/s41567-020-01105-y

[9]Wang Y, Wagner N, Rondinelli JM. Symbolic regression in materials science. MRS Communications. 2019; 9: 793–805. doi: 10.1557/mrc.2019.85

[10]Son H, Cho H, Hwang HJ. Physics-Informed Neural Networks for Microprocessor Thermal Management Model. IEEE Access. 2023; 11: 122974–122979. doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3329562

[11]Chen CC, Shiau SY, Wu MF, Wu YR. Hybrid classical-quantum linear solver using Noisy Intermediate-Scale Quantum machines. Scientific Reports. 2019; 9. doi: 10.1038/s41598-019-52275-6

[12]Garg S, Rani N. Optimizing maintenance strategies of coil shop: A differential equation approach. Advances in Differential Equations and Control Processes. 2024; 31(4): 487–509. doi: 10.17654/0974324324026

[13]Tang M, Chen X, Tang K, et al. Longitudinal and Lateral Cooperative Control of Preview Intelligent Vehicles with Stabilization. Journal of Intelligent & Robotic Systems. 2024; 110. doi: 10.1007/s10846-024-02197-x

[14]Morgan J, Ghysels E, Mohammadbagherpoor H. An enhanced hybrid HHL algorithm. Physics Letters A. 2025; 532: 130181.

[15]Mnih V, Kavukcuoglu K, Silver D, et al. Human-level control through deep reinforcement learning. Nature. 2015; 518: 529–533. doi: 10.1038/nature14236

[16]Zamfirache IA, Precup RE, Petriu EM. Q-learning, policy iteration and actor-critic reinforcement learning combined with metaheuristic algorithms in servo system control. Facta Universitatis Series: Mechanical Engineering. 2023; 21(4): 615–630.

[17]Hong H, Kim S, Kim W, et al. Design optimization of 3D printed kirigami-inspired composite metamaterials for quasi-zero stiffness using deep reinforcement learning integrated with bayesian optimization. Composite Structures. 2025; 359: 119031.

[18]Lei XH, He JH. Frontiers in thermal science driven by artificial intelligence. Thermal Science. 2025. doi: 10.2298/TSCI250101059L

[19]He JH, Bai Q, Luo YC, et al. Modeling and numerical analysis for MEMS graphene resonator. Frontiers in Physics. 2025; 13. doi: 10.3389/fphy.2025.1551969

[20]He JH. Transforming frontiers: The next decade of differential equations and control processes. Advances in Differential Equations and Control Processes. 2025; 32(1): 2589. doi: 10.59400/adecp2589

[21]Milić P, Marinković D, Klinge S, Ćojbašić Ž. Reissner-Mindlin Based Isogeometric Finite Element Formulation for Piezoelectric Active Laminated Shells. Tehnicki Vjesnik. 2023; 30(2): 416–425. doi: 10.17559/TV-20230128000280