Conceptualizing sustainable smart country: Understanding the role of different sectors in building its structure
Abstract
The objective of this Article Paper is to theorize the concept of a Smart Country; for that, we will discuss the footsteps that any country in the world can follow and become a Smart Country. We will define how a Smart Country will have processes and governance structures that are fully equipped with all the necessary technological advancements. These prerequisites will not only help in laying the foundation of Smart Country. Still, they will also provide a long-term solution that will ensure the sustainability of Smart Country, which will have the capacity to not only face the challenges of the future but also synchronize with the forthcoming computational development. Through a comprehensive literature review and research analysis, we have argued in this article that a sustainable smart country is a holistic concept, so in order to make it practical, we have to consider Political, Security, Social, economic, and finally, the environmental aspects of the country, and according to each aspect, we will be providing solutions to the challenges countries are going to be facing in the near future. With these aspects mentioned, we will be explaining the three interdependent actors, which are Smart Government, Smart Citizens, and Smart Technology. These three actors will become the pillars of a Smart Country, and the collaboration between them will play a vital role in the success of this initiative. The First pillar, Smart government, will play a role in creating sustainable Smart country practices. The second pillar, a smart citizen, will play a role in adopting sustainable smart country practices. Lastly, Smart Technology will be the catalyst that will make it possible to create a sustainable, Smart Country. The research in this article will contribute by providing a framework for conceptualizing a Sustainable Smart Country, which will help policymakers and researchers develop future strategies.
References
Stübinger J, Schneider L. Understanding smart city—A data-driven literature review. Sustainability. 2020; 12(20): 8460. doi: 10.3390/su12208460
Ionescu RV, Zlati ML, Antohi VM. Smart cities from low cost to expensive solutions under an optimal analysis. Financial Innovation. 2023; 9(1). doi: 10.1186/s40854-023-00448-8
Hartley K. Public perceptions about smart cities: Governance and quality-of-life in Hong Kong. Social Indicators Research. 2023; 166(3): 731-753. doi: 10.1007/s11205-023-03087-9
Chang S, Smith MK. Residents’ quality of life in smart cities: A systematic literature review. Land. 2023; 12(4): 876. doi: 10.3390/land12040876
Trane M, Giovanardi M, Biolchini E. Towards a Smart Community Welfare as a response to the housing emergency. TECHNE - Journal of Technology for Architecture and Environment. Published online March 16, 2022: 167-177. doi: 10.36253/techne-12145
Volodenkov S, Fedorchenko S. Subjectness of Digital Communication in the Context of the Technological Evolution of the Contemporary Society: Threats, Challenges, and Risks. Przegląd Strategiczny. 2021; (14): 437-456. doi: 10.14746/ps.2021.1.25
Dudek-Klimiuk J, Warzecha B. Intelligent Urban Planning and Ecological Urbanscape-Solutions for Sustainable Urban Development. Case Study of Wolfsburg. Sustainability. 2021; 13(9): 4903. doi: 10.3390/su13094903
Sjåfjell B. Sustainable Value Creation Within Planetary Boundaries—Reforming Corporate Purpose and Duties of the Corporate Board. Sustainability. 2020; 12(15): 6245. doi: 10.3390/su12156245
Turkina E, Oreshkin B. The Impact of Co-Inventor Networks on Smart Cleantech Innovation: The Case of Montreal Agglomeration. Sustainability. 2021; 13(13): 7270. doi: 10.3390/su13137270
Monroe JG, Hansen P, Sorell M, et al. Agent-Based Model of a Blockchain Enabled Peer-to-Peer Energy Market: Application for a Neighborhood Trial in Perth, Australia. Smart Cities. 2020; 3(3): 1072-1099. doi: 10.3390/smartcities3030053
Shilon M, Kaufmann D, Schwartz D, et al. Smart specialization: a spontaneous four-step process in the mixed Arab–Jewish region of Haifa and Nazareth. Regional Studies. 2021; 56(5): 703-718. doi: 10.1080/00343404.2021.1948524
Huy DTN, Hang NT, Thang TD, et al. Virtual Reality Technology and Simulation Technology to Development of Smart Travelling in the Time of Industrial Revolution 4.0. Webology. 2021; 18(SI05): 405-419. doi: 10.14704/web/v18si05/web18237
Dhenge SA, Ghadge SN, Ahire MC, et al. Gender attitude towards environmental protection: a comparative survey during COVID-19 lockdown situation. Environment, Development and Sustainability. 2022; 24(12): 13841-13886. doi: 10.1007/s10668-021-02015-6
Goers S, Rumohr F, Fendt S, et al. The Role of Renewable Energy in Regional Energy Transitions: An Aggregate Qualitative Analysis for the Partner Regions Bavaria, Georgia, Québec, São Paulo, Shandong, Upper Austria, and Western Cape. Sustainability. 2020; 13(1): 76. doi: 10.3390/su13010076
Noori N, de Jong M, Hoppe T. Towards an Integrated Framework to Measure Smart City Readiness: The Case of Iranian Cities. Smart Cities. 2020; 3(3): 676-704. doi: 10.3390/smartcities3030035
Butsch C, Kumar S, Wagner P, et al. Growing ‘Smart’? Urbanization Processes in the Pune Urban Agglomeration. Sustainability. 2017; 9(12): 2335. doi: 10.3390/su9122335
Batara E, Nurmandi A, Warsito T, Pribadi U. Are government employees adopting local E-government transformation? The need for having the right attitude, facilitating conditions and performance expectations. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy. 2017; 11(4): 612-638. doi: 10.1108/TG-09-2017-0056
Álvarez E, de la Calle A. Sustainable practices in urban freight distribution in Bilbao. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management. 2011; 4(3): 538-553. doi: 10.3926/jiem.2011.v4n3.p538-553
Badawi S, Drăgoicea M. Towards a Value Co-Creation Process in Collaborative Environments for TVET Education. Sustainability (Switzerland). 2023; 15(3). doi: 10.3390/su15031792
Baheer BA, Lamas D, Sousa S. A systematic literature review on existing digital government architectures: State-of-the-art, challenges, and prospects. Administrative Sciences. 2020; 10(2). doi: 10.3390/admsci10020025
Bodó B, Janssen H. Maintaining trust in a technologized public sector. Policy and Society. 2022; 41(3): 414-429. doi: 10.1093/polsoc/puac019
Certomà C. Future scenarios of Digital Social Innovation in urban governance. A collective discussion on the socio-political implications in Ghent. Cities. 2022; 122. doi: 10.1016/j.cities.2021.103542
Coenen FHJM, Hoppe T. Renewable Energy Communities as a New Actor in Home Energy Savings. Urban Planning. 2022; 7(2): 108-122. doi: 10.17645/up.v7i2.5088
Fatimah YA, Govindan K, Murniningsih R, Setiawan A. Industry 4.0 based sustainable circular economy approach for smart waste management system to achieve sustainable development goals: A case study of Indonesia. Journal of Cleaner Production. 2020; 269. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122263
Hamamurad QH, Jusoh NM, Ujang U. Factors Affecting Stakeholder Acceptance of a Malaysian Smart City. Smart Cities. 2022; 5(4): 1508-1535. doi: 10.3390/smartcities5040077
Hassan MH, Lee J. Policymakers’ perspective about E-government success using AHP approach: Policy implications towards entrenching Good Governance in Pakistan. Transforming Government: People, Process and Policy. 2019; 13(1): 93-118. doi: 10.1108/TG-03-2018-0017
Kaluarachchi Y. Implementing Data-Driven Smart City Applications for Future Cities. Smart Cities. 2022; 5(2): 455-474. doi: 10.3390/smartcities5020025
Kassim NMD, Yeap JAL, Nathan S, et al. A conceptual paper of the smart city and smart community. In: Bilgin M, Danis H, Demir E, Can U (editors). Eurasian Economic Perspectives. Eurasian Studies in Business and Economics. Springer, Cham; 2019. Volume 11/1. pp. 39-47. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-18565-7_4
Kaya T, Sağsan M, Yıldız M, et al. Citizen attitudes towards E-government services: Comparison of Northern and Southern Nicosia municipalities. International Journal of Public Administration in the Digital Age. 2020; 7(1): 17-32. doi: 10.4018/IJPADA.2020010102
Kim C, Kim KA. The institutional change from E-government toward Smarter City; comparative analysis between royal borough of Greenwich, UK, and Seongdong-gu, South Korea. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity. 2021; 7(1): 1-33. doi: 10.3390/joitmc7010042
Kurbanova M, Atavullaeva F. Peculiarities of digital economy and its development tendencies in the banking system of Uzbekistan. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering. 2019; 9(1): 114-125. doi: 10.35940/ijitee.A3945.119119
Laufs J, Borrion H, Bradford B. Security and the smart city: A systematic review. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2020; 55. doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2020.102023
Lynch CR. Unruly digital subjects: Social entanglements, identity, and the politics of technological expertise. Digital Geography and Society. 2020; 1. doi: 10.1016/j.diggeo.2020.100001
Qekaj-Thaçi A, Thaçi L. The Quality of E-Government Management, Information Security and Quality. Emerging Science Journal. 2022; 7(1): 228-244. doi: 10.28991/esj-2023-07-01-016
Ramirez-Madrid JP, Escobar-Sierra M, Lans-Vargas I, et al. Factors influencing citizens’ adoption of e-government: an empirical validation in a Developing Latin American Country. Public Management Review. 2022; 26(1): 185-218. doi: 10.1080/14719037.2022.2078500
Rodríguez-Martínez, García-Sánchez, Vicente-Galindo, et al. Exploring Relationships between Environmental Performance, E-Government and Corruption: A Multivariate Perspective. Sustainability. 2019; 11(22): 6497. doi: 10.3390/su11226497
Tosida ET, Herdiyeni Y, Marimin M, et al. Investigating the effect of technology-based village development towards smart economy: An application of variance-based structural equation modeling. International Journal of Data and Network Science. 2022; 6(3): 787-804. doi: 10.5267/j.ijdns.2022.3.002
Tosida ET, Herdiyeni Y, Marimin, Suprehatin S. Smart village based on agriculture big data analytic: review and future research agenda. International Journal of Agricultural and Statistical Sciences. 2022; 18(2): 515-538.
Vujković P, Ravšelj D, Umek L, et al. Bibliometric Analysis of Smart Public Governance Research: Smart City and Smart Government in Comparative Perspective. Social Sciences. 2022; 11(7): 293. doi: 10.3390/socsci11070293
Xenou E, Madas M, Ayfandopoulou G. Developing a Smart City Logistics Assessment Framework (SCLAF): A Conceptual Tool for Identifying the Level of Smartness of a City Logistics System. Sustainability. 2022; 14(10): 6039. doi: 10.3390/su14106039
Yasir A, Hu X, Ahmad M, et al. Modeling Impact of Word of Mouth and E-Government on Online Social Presence during COVID-19 Outbreak: A Multi-Mediation Approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020; 17(8): 2954. doi: 10.3390/ijerph17082954
Laufs J, Borrion H, Bradford B. Security and the smart city: A systematic review. Sustainable Cities and Society. 2020; 55: 102023. doi: 10.1016/j.scs.2020.102023
Baldi G, Megaro A, Carrubbo L. Small-Town Citizens’ Technology Acceptance of Smart and Sustainable City Development. Sustainability. 2022; 15(1): 325. doi: 10.3390/su15010325
Ma X. Smart Agriculture and Rural Revitalization and Development Based on the Internet of Things under the Background of Big Data. Sustainability. 2023; 15(4): 3352. doi: 10.3390/su15043352
Blasi S, Gobbo E, Sedita SR. Smart cities and citizen engagement: Evidence from Twitter data analysis on Italian municipalities. Journal of Urban Management. 2022; 11(2): 153-165. doi: 10.1016/j.jum.2022.04.001
Chen Z, Chan ICC. Smart cities and quality of life: a quantitative analysis of citizens’ support for smart city development. Information Technology & People. 2022; 36(1): 263-285. doi: 10.1108/itp-07-2021-0577
Fialová J, Bamwesigye D, Łukaszkiewicz J, et al. Smart Cities Landscape and Urban Planning for Sustainability in Brno City. Land. 2021; 10(8): 870. doi: 10.3390/land10080870
Sharma S, Nanda M, Goel R, et al. (2019). Smart Cities using Internet of Things: Recent Trends and Techniques. Special Issue. 2019; 8(9S): 24-28. doi: 10.35940/ijitee.i1004.0789s19
Camprodon G, González Ó, Barberán V, et al. Smart Citizen Kit and Station: An open environmental monitoring system for citizen participation and scientific experimentation. HardwareX. 2019; 6: e00070. doi: 10.1016/j.ohx.2019.e00070
Oh J. Smart City as a Tool of Citizen-Oriented Urban Regeneration: Framework of Preliminary Evaluation and Its Application. Sustainability. 2020; 12(17): 6874. doi: 10.3390/su12176874
Qonita M, Giyarsih SR. Smart city assessment using the Boyd Cohen smart city wheel in Salatiga, Indonesia. GeoJournal. 2022; 88(1): 479-492. doi: 10.1007/s10708-022-10614-7
Park M su, Lee H. Smart City Crime Prevention Services: The Incheon Free Economic Zone Case. Sustainability. 2020; 12(14): 5658. doi: 10.3390/su12145658
Hsu WL, Qiao M, Xu H, et al. Smart City Governance Evaluation in the Era of Internet of Things: An Empirical Analysis of Jiangsu, China. Sustainability. 2021; 13(24): 13606. doi: 10.3390/su132413606
Ptak A. Smart City Management in the Context of Electricity Consumption Savings. Energies. 2021; 14(19): 6170. doi: 10.3390/en14196170
Jeannot G. Smart city projects in the continuity of the urban socio-technical regime: The French case. Information Polity. 2019; 24(3): 325-343. doi: 10.3233/ip-190128
Smékalová L, Kučera F. Smart City Projects in the Small-Sized Municipalities: Contribution of the Cohesion Policy. Scientific Papers of the University of Pardubice, Series D: Faculty of Economics and Administration. 2020; 28(2). doi: 10.46585/sp28021067
Ninčević Pašalić I, Ćukušić M, Jadrić M. Smart city research advances in Southeast Europe. International Journal of Information Management. 2021; 58: 102127. doi: 10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102127
Simmler M, Brunner S, Canova G, et al. Smart criminal justice: exploring the use of algorithms in the Swiss criminal justice system. Artificial Intelligence and Law. 2022; 31(2): 213-237. doi: 10.1007/s10506-022-09310-1
Simmler M, Canova G, Schedler K. Smart criminal justice: Phenomena and normative requirements. International Review of Administrative Sciences. 2021; 89(2): 415-432. doi: 10.1177/00208523211039740
Sideridis AB, Protopappas L, Tsiafoulis S, et al. Smart cross-border e-Gov systems: an application to refugee mobility. International Journal of Electronic Governance. 2017; 9(3/4): 246. doi: 10.1504/ijeg.2017.088219
Kézai PK, Fischer S, Lados M. Smart Economy and Startup Enterprises in the Visegrád Countries—A Comparative Analysis Based on the Crunchbase Database. Smart Cities. 2020; 3(4): 1477-1494. doi: 10.3390/smartcities3040070
Gutub A, AlKhodaidi T. Smart expansion of target key for more handlers to access multimedia counting-based secret sharing. Multimedia Tools and Applications. 2020; 79(25-26): 17373-17401. doi: 10.1007/s11042-020-08695-y
Crampton JW, Hoover KC, Smith H, et al. Smart Festivals? Security and Freedom for Well-Being in Urban Smart Spaces. Annals of the American Association of Geographers. 2019; 110(2): 360-370. doi: 10.1080/24694452.2019.1662765
Omar MA, Morcos KR. Smart Governance As A Main Dimension Of Smart City. Engineering Research Journal. 2020; 166(0): 119-138. doi: 10.21608/erj.2020.138811
Sankowska P. Smart Government: An European Approach toward Building Sustainable and Secure Cities of Tomorrow. International Journal of Technology. 2018; 9(7): 1355. doi: 10.14716/ijtech.v9i7.2517
Melati C, Janissek-Muniz R. Governo inteligente: análise de dimensões sob a perspectiva de gestores públicos. Revista de Administração Pública. 2020; 54(3): 400-415. doi: 10.1590/0034-761220190226
Saleh SB, Mazlan SB, Hamzah NIB, et al. Smart Home Security Access System Using Field Programmable Gate Arrays. Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science. 2018; 11(1): 152. doi: 10.11591/ijeecs.v11.i1.pp152-160
Saxena N, Varshney D. Smart Home Security Solutions using Facial Authentication and Speaker Recognition through Artificial Neural Networks. International Journal of Cognitive Computing in Engineering. 2021; 2: 154-164. doi: 10.1016/j.ijcce.2021.10.001
Copyright (c) 2024 Muhammad Younus, Achmad Nurmandi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Authors contributing to this journal agree to publish their articles under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, allowing third parties to share their work (copy, distribute, transmit) and to adapt it for any purpose, even commercially, under the condition that the authors are given credit. With this license, authors hold the copyright.
