Sarkin, Jeremy Julian, NOVA School of Law and CEDIS, NOVA University of Lisbon, 1099-032 Lisbon, Portugal; Institute of Commonwealth Studies, School of Advanced Studies, University of London, London WC1E 7HU, United Kingdom; Department of Public Law, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0028, South Africa; Department of Criminology, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein 9300, South Africa, Portugal